{"id":10279,"date":"2025-09-01T12:00:29","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T10:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=10279"},"modified":"2025-09-01T12:07:03","modified_gmt":"2025-09-01T10:07:03","slug":"slavne-objevitelske-vypravy-jamese-cooka-a-boj-o-prvenstvi-objevu-australie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/slavne-objevitelske-vypravy-jamese-cooka-a-boj-o-prvenstvi-objevu-australie\/","title":{"rendered":"Slavn\u00e9 objevitelsk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy Jamese Cooka a boj o prvenstv\u00ed objevu Austr\u00e1lie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dnes u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii objevil\u00a0na sv\u00fdch plavb\u00e1ch anglick\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec\u00a0James Cook. U\u017e v ml\u00e1d\u00ed se projevil jako velice schopn\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk, a tak nez\u016fstal nepov\u0161imnut kr\u00e1lovskou admiralitou. Proto byl roku 1772 vybr\u00e1n, aby objevoval dosud nepoznan\u00e9 kraje na v\u00fdchod od Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Dostal tak\u00e9 instrukce nal\u00e9zt takzvanou \u201eVelkou ji\u017en\u00ed zemi\u201c, o kter\u00e9 snila cel\u00e1 \u0159ada kartograf\u016f. Ov\u0161em brzy se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee je jeho \u00fasil\u00ed marn\u00e9\u2026<\/strong><\/p>
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James Cook se narodil do chud\u00e9 rolnick\u00e9 rodiny. M\u00edsto \u0161koly byl d\u00e1n do u\u010den\u00ed k jednomu kupci, kde ho \u010dekala jen d\u0159ina a nuda. Svou situaci \u0159e\u0161il \u00fat\u011bkem do p\u0159\u00edstavu, kde se potuloval po kr\u010dm\u00e1ch a hltal vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f o jejich dobrodru\u017en\u00fdch plavb\u00e1ch. Zanedlouho se pak nechal najmout jako plav\u010d\u00edk na kor\u00e1bu p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00edm uhl\u00ed. Pr\u00e1ce je to t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1, ale mlad\u00fd James Cook je \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd, \u017ee je na mo\u0159i. Po \u010dase ho \u010dek\u00e1 kari\u00e9rn\u00ed postup na \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edka a pozd\u011bji kormideln\u00edka.<\/p>
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Po vypuknut\u00ed boj\u016f v Kanad\u011b vstoupil James Cook do britsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva a z\u00e1hy byl vyznamen\u00e1n za chrabrost.\u00a0Ani pot\u00e9 nezah\u00e1lel a v\u011bnoval se studiu nautiky a astronomie. Jeho p\u00edle se mu po t\u0159ech letech z\u00faro\u010dila a stal se kapit\u00e1nem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brzy pak dostal zcela v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd \u00fakol, kter\u00fd zm\u011bnil jeho \u017eivot.\u00a0M\u011bl dopravit skupinu astronom\u016f na Tahiti, kter\u00e9 bylo ur\u010deno jako nejlep\u0161\u00ed pozorovatelna bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edho se p\u0159echodu Venu\u0161e p\u0159es Slunce. Tato cesta, kter\u00e1 Cooka zap\u00ed\u0161e do d\u011bjin, se pak prot\u00e1hla na cel\u00e9 t\u0159i roky.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

V \u00fanoru roku 1768 opustila pos\u00e1dka Cookovy\u00a0objevitelsk\u00e9 lodi Endeavour\u00a0britsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav Plymouth. Bez probl\u00e9m\u016f obepluli jihoamerick\u00fd mys Horn, prodrali se vlnami ji\u017en\u00edho Pacifiku k ostrovu nazvan\u00e9m Van Diemenova zem\u011b, kter\u00fd je ov\u0161em zn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jako\u00a0Tasm\u00e1nie. Zde je v\u0161ak zastihla bou\u0159e a strhla jejich lo\u010f nezn\u00e1mo kam\u2026<\/p>
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Brzy se v\u0161ak na obzoru objevila nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 znamenala p\u0159\u00edmo epoch\u00e1ln\u00ed objev. V tomto okam\u017eiku ale historikov\u00e9 vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pochybnost.\u00a0Kapit\u00e1n James Cook pr\u00fd neobjevil nov\u00fd kontinent d\u00edky \u0161patn\u00e9mu po\u010das\u00ed, ale kv\u016fli tajn\u00e9mu rozkazu britsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva.\u00a0Pos\u00e1dka lodi Endeavour tak m\u011bla plout na jistotu. Pokud by toti\u017e Cook plul k zemi pozd\u011bji zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako Austr\u00e1lie c\u00edlen\u011b, bylo by z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee ji u\u017e p\u0159ed t\u00edm n\u011bkdo objevil, tud\u00ed\u017e by ji Anglie nemohla anektovat. Kontinent by toti\u017e pat\u0159il tomu, jeho\u017e prvn\u00ed noha na n\u011bj vstoupila. Jak to tedy ve skute\u010dnosti bylo?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle jedn\u00e9 z teori\u00ed existoval z\u00e1znam o tom, \u017ee podobnou zemi na jihu u\u017e p\u0159ed Cookovou plavbou n\u00e1rokovali nizozem\u0161t\u00ed mo\u0159eplavci ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch V\u00fdchodoindick\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Ov\u0161em asi na sv\u016fj n\u00e1rok nekladli p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00fd d\u016fraz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

To Cook bral sv\u016fj objev velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u2013 cel\u00fd kontinent obeplul, dokonale zmapoval cel\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a z\u00e1hy pojmenoval toto \u00fazem\u00ed na \u201eNov\u00fd Ji\u017en\u00ed Wales\u201c. A tady op\u011bt jedna v\u011bc zar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed. B\u011bhem cesty kolem australsk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Cookova lo\u010f pravideln\u011b p\u0159ist\u00e1v\u00e1 a vzty\u010duje nejen britsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 standarty, ale i cedule s n\u00e1zvy jednotliv\u00fdch m\u00edst. Skoro to vypad\u00e1, jako by bylo v\u0161echno p\u0159edem p\u0159ipraven\u00e9.<\/p>
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Dal\u0161\u00edm neoddiskutovateln\u00fdm faktem je, \u017ee u\u017e p\u0159ed Cookovou cestou jsou zn\u00e1my mnoh\u00e9 z tichomo\u0159sk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. Filip\u00edny u\u017e dlouhou dobu pat\u0159\u00ed \u0160pan\u011bl\u016fm, Nizozemci ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Indie a ostrovy ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky. Nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 byly ostrovy\u00a0J\u00e1va a Nov\u00e1 Guinea\u00a0a mluvilo se o nezn\u00e1m\u00e9\u00a0\u201eJi\u017en\u00ed Zemi\u201c \u010di jinak \u201eTerra Australis\u201c.<\/p>
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Zn\u00e1te p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh seversk\u00fdch mo\u0159eplavc\u016f? Takhle postupovali Vikingov\u00e9!<\/a><\/h4>
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Prvn\u00ed lod\u00ed proplouvaj\u00edc\u00ed kolem australsk\u00fdch b\u0159eh\u016f byla\u00a0nizozemsk\u00e1 lo\u010f Duyfken\u00a0(Holubi\u010dka) veden\u00e1 kapit\u00e1nem Willem Janszem. Proplula Torresovou \u00fa\u017einou a pokra\u010dovala kolem severn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Austr\u00e1lie. Angli\u010dan\u00e9 v\u0161ak prohla\u0161ovali, \u017ee nikdo z Nizozemc\u016f nevystoupil na b\u0159eh, tud\u00ed\u017e si nemohou d\u011blat na nov\u00fd kontinent n\u00e1rok.\u00a0Ov\u0161em dal\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee se na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Austr\u00e1lie u\u017e v 6. stolet\u00ed vylodili \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Britsk\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed historik Gavin Menzies tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee evrop\u0161t\u00ed kartografov\u00e9 obkreslili star\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 mapy a tak se dozv\u011bd\u011bli o nov\u00e9m kontinentu. Stejn\u00e9 dokumenty pak popisuj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho tvora \u017eij\u00edc\u00edho v ji\u017en\u00ed zemi, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 hlavu jako jelen, sk\u00e1\u010de a uprost\u0159ed t\u011bla m\u00e1 druhou hlavu.\u00a0Tohoto \u017eivo\u010dicha pojmenovali \u201e\u0161an-laj-ting\u201c a dnes je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako klokan.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Po sv\u00e9 australsk\u00e9 anab\u00e1zi se James Cook vydal na dal\u0161\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed objevitelsk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy. P\u0159i sv\u00e9 posledn\u00ed plavb\u011b cestoval na dosud neprob\u00e1dan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed Pacifiku. T\u00fddny plul Tich\u00fdm oce\u00e1nem a nikde nenarazil na \u017e\u00e1dnou pevninu. Pos\u00e1dka za\u010d\u00ednala b\u00fdt nerv\u00f3zn\u00ed, proto\u017ee j\u00ed doch\u00e1zela voda. Jednoho dne v\u0161ak uvid\u011bli zelenou pl\u00e1\u0148 na obzoru. Krajina p\u016fsobila sv\u011b\u017ee a na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed kotvily lodi\u010dky s usm\u011bvav\u00fdmi domorodci.\u00a0James Cook pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ist\u00e1l na po\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Havaje.\u00a0Ostrovan\u00e9 uv\u00edtali Evropany velmi uctiv\u011b a\u00a0Cooka pasovali na b\u00e1jn\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Leona, kter\u00fd kdysi v z\u00e1chvatu zu\u0159ivosti zabil svou man\u017eelku a pak se vydal na mo\u0159e. Sl\u00edbil, \u017ee se vr\u00e1t\u00ed a\u017e jeho chmury pominou.<\/p>
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Cookov\u00fdm n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016fm se na Havaji velmi l\u00edbilo nejen d\u00edky pohostinnosti m\u00edstn\u00edch mu\u017e\u016f, ale zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli m\u00edstn\u00edm kr\u00e1sk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 se nebr\u00e1nily nez\u00e1vazn\u00e9mu sexu. Jedin\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 vlastnost domorodc\u016f celkov\u00fd dojem kaz\u00ed \u2013 Havajci toti\u017e chod\u00ed na Cookovu lo\u010f a kradou, co jim p\u0159ijde pod ruku. Kr\u00e1de\u017ee na lodi jsou \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l drzej\u0161\u00ed a\u017e mus\u00ed kapit\u00e1n zakro\u010dit. Mezi domorodci a pos\u00e1dkou pak vypuknul boj, po kter\u00e9m je \u010d\u00e1st pos\u00e1dky zabita a zbytek ustoupil na mo\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na Cooka si v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 netroufali, jeliko\u017e panoval n\u00e1zor, \u017ee B\u016fh nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zabit.\u00a0Tedy nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zabit zep\u0159edu\u2026 Jakmile se tedy James Cook oto\u010dil, aby dal znamen\u00ed pos\u00e1dce, domorodci na n\u011bj za\u00fato\u010dili, rozsekali ho na kousky ty si mezi sebou rozd\u011blili na pam\u00e1tku.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Takto skon\u010dil \u017eivot mo\u0159eplavce Jamese Cooka, kter\u00fd nalezl v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd odpo\u010dinek pr\u00e1v\u011b na Havajsk\u00fdch ostrovech.<\/p>
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Krvav\u00e1 vzpoura kv\u016fli zdan\u011bn\u00ed alkoholu! Za chlast se p\u0159eci mus\u00ed bojovat<\/a><\/h4>
","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dnes u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii objevil\u00a0na sv\u00fdch plavb\u00e1ch anglick\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec\u00a0James Cook. U\u017e v ml\u00e1d\u00ed se projevil jako velice schopn\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk, a tak nez\u016fstal nepov\u0161imnut kr\u00e1lovskou admiralitou. Proto byl roku 1772 vybr\u00e1n, aby objevoval dosud nepoznan\u00e9 kraje na v\u00fdchod od Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Dostal tak\u00e9 instrukce nal\u00e9zt takzvanou \u201eVelkou ji\u017en\u00ed zemi\u201c, o kter\u00e9 snila cel\u00e1 \u0159ada kartograf\u016f. Ov\u0161em […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":10280,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[2406,87,2405,433,1226,2409,2407,2408,2404],"class_list":["post-10279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-australie","tag-historie","tag-james-cook","tag-moreplavba","tag-moreplavec","tag-namorni-vypravy","tag-namornik","tag-objev","tag-objevitel"],"yoast_head":"\nSlavn\u00e9 objevitelsk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy Jamese Cooka a boj o prvenstv\u00ed objevu Austr\u00e1lie - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dnes u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee Austr\u00e1lii objevil na sv\u00fdch plavb\u00e1ch anglick\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec James Cook. U\u017e v ml\u00e1d\u00ed se projevil jako velice schopn\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk, a tak nez\u016fstal nepov\u0161imnut kr\u00e1lovskou admiralitou. Proto byl roku 1772 vybr\u00e1n, aby objevoval dosud nepoznan\u00e9 kraje na v\u00fdchod od Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu. Dostal tak\u00e9 instrukce nal\u00e9zt takzvanou \u201eVelkou ji\u017en\u00ed zemi\u201c, o kter\u00e9 snila cel\u00e1 \u0159ada kartograf\u016f. 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