{"id":1050,"date":"2022-05-02T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-02T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=1050"},"modified":"2022-05-02T10:18:25","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T08:18:25","slug":"titanic-pycha-a-pad-luxusni-zaoceanske-lodi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/titanic-pycha-a-pad-luxusni-zaoceanske-lodi\/","title":{"rendered":"Titanic: P\u00fdcha a p\u00e1d luxusn\u00ed zaoce\u00e1nsk\u00e9 lodi"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ed sto deseti lety, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 14. dubna roku 1912, do\u0161lo k jedn\u00e9 z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch katastrof v n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed historii \u2013 potopen\u00ed v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nejluxusn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed lodi – Titanicu. Ten ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159edstavoval naprost\u00fd vrchol techniky \u2013 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 lo\u010f t\u00e9 doby se nemohla s Titanicem srovn\u00e1vat co do p\u0159epychu vybaven\u00ed a v\u0161estrann\u00e9ho komfortu pro pasa\u017e\u00e9ry. Titanic p\u0159ed\u010dil v\u0161echny i co do velikosti. Jeho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a motory, stejn\u011b jako celkov\u00e9 pojet\u00ed konstrukce, to v\u0161echno bylo na vrcholn\u00e9 \u00farovni. Nic lep\u0161\u00edho se v tehdej\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b nedalo po\u0159\u00eddit. Po dobu kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 existence Titanicu se t\u00edmto zaoce\u00e1nsk\u00fdm parn\u00edkem py\u0161nili jeho majitel\u00e9, konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i a stavitel\u00e9, ale i zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 ho pova\u017eovaly za sv\u016fj. B\u011bhem jeho jedin\u00e9 nedokon\u010den\u00e9 plavby se propojily zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nepodstatn\u00e9 okolnosti a jejich nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed v jeden jedin\u00fd smrtonosn\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec. Varov\u00e1n\u00edm se nev\u011bnovala pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e1 pozornost. Prolnuly se nedostatky v zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a v navigaci, co\u017e nevyhnuteln\u011b vedlo k tragick\u00e9mu konci.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dne 2. dubna 1912 po zat\u011b\u017ek\u00e1vac\u00edch zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch zam\u00ed\u0159il Titanic z Belfastu do Southamptonu na jihu Anglie. Zde se nalo\u010fuj\u00ed pasa\u017e\u00e9\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed obdivn\u011b vzhl\u00ed\u017eeli k 269 metr\u016f dlouh\u00e9mu, 28 metr\u016f \u0161irok\u00e9mu a 53 metr\u016f vysok\u00e9mu pal\u00e1ci na vod\u011b. Prvn\u00ed cestu Titanicu do nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta si nenechali uj\u00edt p\u0159edn\u00ed osobnosti tehdej\u0161\u00edho \u017eivota \u2013 pr\u016fmysln\u00edci, konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i, miliard\u00e1\u0159i a angli\u010dt\u00ed gentlemani jako nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161\u00e9f p\u0159epravn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti pod jeho\u017e vlajkou Titanic plul Bruce Ismay, \u0161\u00e9fkonstrukt\u00e9r Titanicu Thomas Andrews \u010di obchodn\u00edk John Jacob Astor, na kter\u00e9 na palub\u011b \u010dekal maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd luxus.<\/p>\n

I pro pasa\u017e\u00e9ry nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy byl Titanic lod\u00ed sn\u016f, proto\u017ee i pro n\u011b bylo za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na n\u011bm neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm luxusem, na kter\u00fd na jin\u00fdch lod\u00edch nenarazili. M\u011bli k dispozici osv\u011btlen\u00ed, vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, spole\u010densk\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti nebo promen\u00e1dy. Za l\u00edstek zaplatili v p\u0159epo\u010dtu na na\u0161e pen\u00edze zhruba 8000 a\u017e 20 000 korun. N\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed skladba nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy byla opravdu pestr\u00e1 \u2013 byli zde Italov\u00e9, \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9, Arm\u00e9nci, Rusov\u00e9, Holan\u010fan\u00e9, Sy\u0159an\u00e9 nebo Irov\u00e9. Ve druh\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b byli p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 a Britov\u00e9 a ti u\u017e m\u011bli k dispozici vlastn\u00ed kajutu. L\u00edstek pro druhou t\u0159\u00eddu p\u0159i\u0161el na asi 30 000 korun a v prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b 72 000 korun. Ty nejluxusn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prostory, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad sal\u00f3nn\u00ed kajuta byla k dispozici za 2 000 000.<\/p>\n

Ve \u010dtvrtek 11. dubna 1912 Titanic naposledy kotvil u evropsk\u00e9 pevniny a ve 12 hodin a 30 minut se kone\u010dn\u011b vydal na cestu, ze kter\u00e9 nebylo n\u00e1vratu. Plavba prob\u00edhala poklidn\u011b a\u017e do osudn\u00e9 ned\u011ble 14. dubna, kdy kapit\u00e1n Smith potkal p\u0159i pravideln\u00e9 obch\u016fzce majitele p\u0159epravn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 Titanic vypravila Bruce Ismaye. Ten na Smitha apeloval, \u017ee vzhledem k dobr\u00e9mu po\u010das\u00ed by bylo \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti, aby Titanic dorazil do Ameriky v rekordn\u00edm \u010dase. Ismay byl neodbytn\u00fd a kapit\u00e1n se podvolil. Kolem jedn\u00e9 hodiny odpoledne p\u0159inesl kapit\u00e1n na m\u016fstek depe\u0161i z lodi Caronia a p\u0159edal ji prvn\u00edmu d\u016fstojn\u00edkovi. Obsahuje varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem ledovc\u016f. O p\u00e1r hodin pozd\u011bji p\u0159i\u0161lo dal\u0161\u00ed varov\u00e1n\u00ed a tentokr\u00e1t ho kapit\u00e1n uk\u00e1zal Ismeovi. Ten si pap\u00edr pouze prohl\u00e9dl, str\u010dil ho do kapsy a zapomn\u011bl na n\u011bj. Kapit\u00e1novi ho vr\u00e1til a\u017e ve\u010der, aby ho p\u0159edal do mapovny.<\/p>\n

V dev\u011bt hodin ve\u010der se je\u0161t\u011b kapit\u00e1n uji\u0161\u0165oval, \u017ee je v\u0161e v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Zneklid\u0148ovalo ho akor\u00e1t naprost\u00e9 bezv\u011bt\u0159\u00ed. Kdyby toti\u017e foukal v\u00edtr, roz\u010de\u0159il by hladinu vody, vlny by narazily na ledovce a p\u011bna by odhalila i ty nejtmav\u0161\u00ed. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hodiny prob\u00edhala plavba klidn\u011b. Dva plav\u010d\u00edci hl\u00eddkovali na p\u0159edn\u00edm sto\u017e\u00e1ru, kdy\u017e se p\u0159ed nimi vyno\u0159il majest\u00e1tn\u00ed ledovec v\u00fdhru\u017en\u011b \u010dn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed z klidn\u00e9 hladiny. P\u0159esn\u011b ve 23 hodin a 39 minut se spustil poplach: \u201eLedovec p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi!\u201c Zmaten\u00fd prvn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edk vyhodnocoval, jestli se m\u016f\u017ee Titanic sr\u00e1\u017ece vyhnout. V\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed mu zabralo asi 20 vte\u0159in a za dal\u0161\u00edch 17 vte\u0159in s lo\u010f narazila do ledovce.<\/p>\n

Nast\u00e1v\u00e1 chaos. Prvn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edk vyd\u00e1 nejprve rozkaz docela vpravo, pot\u00e9 zp\u011btn\u00fd chod. Na jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo patrn\u00e9, \u017ee zmatkuje. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historici mu proto n\u011bkdy d\u00e1vaj\u00ed osud Titanicu za vinu, jin\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed pochyben\u00ed kormideln\u00edka. Pravdu u\u017e se dnes nedov\u00edme. N\u00e1raz ot\u0159\u00e1sl celou lod\u00ed tak, \u017ee ho c\u00edtili naprosto v\u0161ichni pasa\u017e\u00e9\u0159i. V podpalub\u00ed zaslechlo n\u011bkolik lid\u00ed u prav\u00e9ho boku v dun\u011bn\u00ed parn\u00edch stroj\u016f kr\u00e1tk\u00fd sk\u0159\u00edpav\u00fd zvuk.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kapit\u00e1n dorazil na m\u016fstek v okam\u017eiku, kdy\u017e z podpalubn\u00ed komory \u010d\u00edslo 4 p\u0159i\u0161la zpr\u00e1va, \u017ee dvojit\u00e9 dno je rozerv\u00e1no a do trupu vnik\u00e1 odhadem sto tun vody za minutu. Telegrafista Phillips st\u0159\u00eddal dosud v\u017eit\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed o pomoc C-Q-D s nov\u011b zaveden\u00fdm S-O-S. Ledovc, tvrd\u00fd jako k\u00e1men, protrhl trup Titaniku necel\u00fdch p\u011bt metr\u016f nad k\u00fdlem a pot\u00e9 pro\u0159\u00edzl ocelov\u00e9 pl\u00e1ty trupu. Pozd\u011bji se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee trhlina zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 sr\u00e1\u017ekou nep\u0159esahovala ani \u010dty\u0159i \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00ed metry, t\u00e1hla se v\u0161ak po d\u00e9lce lodi, tak\u017ee voda mohla pronikat hned do p\u011bti odd\u011blen\u00ed. Titanic byl schopen plavby jen p\u0159i zaplaven\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 odd\u011blen\u00ed a ne p\u011bti! Zaplaven\u00ed p\u00e1t\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed nav\u00edc zp\u016fsobilo, \u017ee voda vystoupla nad palubu E, kde kon\u010dily vodot\u011bsn\u00e9 p\u0159ep\u00e1\u017eky, a za\u010dala se p\u0159el\u00e9vat do dal\u0161\u00edch odd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ihned po n\u00e1razu Ismay zji\u0161\u0165oval, co se stalo. Kapit\u00e1n mu ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee situace je velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 a z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch \u010dlun\u016f je m\u00e1lo \u2013 sta\u010d\u00ed zhruba jen pro polovinu pasa\u017e\u00e9r\u016f. Prohl\u00eddka po\u0161kozen\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edd\u011b p\u0159inesla zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee Titanic nelze udr\u017eet na hladin\u011b ani p\u0159i od\u010derp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vody balastn\u00edmi \u010derpadly. \u0160\u00e9fkonstrukt\u00e9r Andrews odhadoval, \u017ee se lo\u010f udr\u017e\u00ed na hladin\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jednu a\u017e jednu a p\u016fl hodiny a \u017ee \u010derpadla mohou p\u0159idat jen p\u00e1r minut p\u0159ed potopen\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Kolem p\u016flnoci, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 minut po sr\u00e1\u017ece, ji\u017e pronikla voda do obytn\u00fdch prostor 3. t\u0159\u00eddy. Kapit\u00e1n s Andrewsem se shodli na tom, \u017ee by mohla vzniknout panika, proto\u017ee po\u010det m\u00edst v z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch \u010dlunech nebyl dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. V\u0161ichni cestuj\u00edc\u00ed i pos\u00e1dka dostali z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 vesty. Spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010dlun\u016f se na Titanicu neobe\u0161lo bez pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed: nebylo pos\u00e1dkou nacvi\u010deno a ani cestuj\u00edc\u00ed, pod vlivem st\u00e1le sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00edch sv\u011btel na palub\u011b, necht\u011bli nastupovat do \u010dlun\u016f a pono\u0159it se do tmy nad oce\u00e1nem a takt\u00e9\u017e se n\u011bkter\u00e9 man\u017eelsk\u00e9 p\u00e1ry necht\u011bly rozd\u011blit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 130 minut po n\u00e1razu se za\u010dala voda p\u0159el\u00e9vat ze \u0161est\u00e9 do sedm\u00e9 komory. Kolem 02:10 se za\u010dala zvedat z vody z\u00e1\u010f a za\u010daly se vyno\u0159ovat lodn\u00ed \u0161rouby. V 02:17 dos\u00e1hla hladina lodn\u00ed paluby a kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 se zhroutil p\u0159edn\u00ed kom\u00edn, kdy\u017e popraskala jeho kotv\u00edc\u00ed lana. Kom\u00edn p\u00e1dem rozdrtil n\u011bkolik lid\u00ed na palub\u011b a i ve vod\u011b. Se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm se n\u00e1klonem za\u010daly padat nezaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty na palub\u011b i ve vnit\u0159ku lodi.<\/p>\n

S dal\u0161\u00edm zaplavov\u00e1n\u00edm podpalub\u00ed do\u0161lo k zaplaven\u00ed posledn\u00edch kotelen a t\u00edm byly vy\u0159azeny i gener\u00e1tory pro v\u00fdrobu elektrick\u00e9 energie \u2013 Titanic se pono\u0159il do tmy. Kr\u00e1tce pot\u00e9 se trup lodi rozlomil za polovinou d\u00e9lky trupu. P\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u0161la okam\u017eit\u011b pod hladinu. Zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st se po odleh\u010den\u00ed na chv\u00edli narovnala, ale jak se roztr\u017een\u00fdm trupem drala voda dovnit\u0159, po chv\u00edli se po\u010dala pot\u00e1p\u011bt a ve svisl\u00e9 poloze se pono\u0159ila. 15. dubna 1912 ve 02:20 zmizel Titanic pod hladinou.<\/p>\n

Z 2201 osob na palub\u011b p\u0159e\u017eilo pouh\u00fdch 675 a 1526 lid\u00ed zahynulo. Nej\u010dast\u011bji zem\u0159eli na podchlazen\u00ed, proto\u017ee voda m\u011bla v t\u00e9to lokalit\u011b a v t\u00e9to ro\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b kolem 0\u00b0C a\u017e -2\u00b0C a k \u00famrt\u00ed v takov\u00e9to chladn\u00e9 vod\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed b\u011bhem 10-15 minut. Mezi ob\u011b\u0165mi byli kapit\u00e1n lodi, prvn\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci, \u0161\u00e9fkonstrukt\u00e9r lodi Thomas Andrews i vrchn\u00ed strojmistr se v\u0161emi strojn\u00edky a dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 pos\u00e1dky. Zem\u0159ela v\u011bt\u0161ina z 57 milion\u00e1\u0159\u016f cestuj\u00edc\u00edch prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddou, v\u010detn\u011b Johna Jacoba Astora a stovek dal\u0161\u00edch cestuj\u00edc\u00edch. Mimo jin\u00e9 i telegrafista Phillips, jen\u017e do posledn\u00ed chv\u00edle r\u00e1diem \u017e\u00e1dal o pomoc. Posledn\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed osobou, kter\u00e1 byla p\u0159\u00edtomna na palub\u011b Titanicu coby dev\u00edtit\u00fddenn\u00ed kojenec, byla Millvina Dean, kter\u00e1 zem\u0159ela 31. kv\u011btna 2009.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ed sto deseti lety, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 14. dubna roku 1912, do\u0161lo k jedn\u00e9 z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch katastrof v n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed historii \u2013 potopen\u00ed v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nejluxusn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed lodi – Titanicu. Ten ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159edstavoval naprost\u00fd vrchol techniky \u2013 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 lo\u010f t\u00e9 doby se nemohla s Titanicem srovn\u00e1vat co do p\u0159epychu vybaven\u00ed a v\u0161estrann\u00e9ho komfortu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1049,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[87,429,433,431,432,436,43,434,430,435],"class_list":["post-1050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-historie","tag-lod","tag-moreplavba","tag-parnik","tag-plavba","tag-potopeni","tag-pribeh","tag-technika","tag-titanic","tag-tragedie"],"yoast_head":"\nTitanic: P\u00fdcha a p\u00e1d luxusn\u00ed zaoce\u00e1nsk\u00e9 lodi - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Internetov\u00fd magaz\u00edn nejen pro mu\u017ee. 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