{"id":1163,"date":"2023-12-09T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-09T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=1163"},"modified":"2023-12-09T15:43:51","modified_gmt":"2023-12-09T14:43:51","slug":"spartakus-nejslavnejsi-gladiator-a-rebel-staroveku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/spartakus-nejslavnejsi-gladiator-a-rebel-staroveku\/","title":{"rendered":"Spartakus: Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed gladi\u00e1tor a rebel starov\u011bku"},"content":{"rendered":"

V okam\u017eiku kdy \u0158\u00edm st\u00e1l na prahu sv\u00e9 nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historie, dostal z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00fd \u00fader ze sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch \u0159ad \u2013 povstali proti n\u011bmu dosud loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed gladi\u00e1to\u0159i. V obdob\u00ed mezi lety 73 a\u017e 71 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem ko\u010dovaly tyto hordy otrok\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch k zab\u00edjen\u00ed v ar\u00e9n\u00e1ch Apeninsk\u00fdm poloostrovem pod velen\u00edm sv\u00e9ho v\u016fdce Spartaka a byli odhodl\u00e1ni se za svou svobodu b\u00edt na \u017eivot a na smrt.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gladi\u00e1tor nem\u011bl v \u017eivot\u011b moc na v\u00fdb\u011br. V podstat\u011b mohl jen \u017eivo\u0159it, nebo brut\u00e1ln\u011b zem\u0159\u00edt. V\u011bt\u0161inou se tito z\u00e1pasn\u00edci rekrutovali z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zajatc\u016f a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch zlo\u010dinc\u016f a to v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se vyzna\u010dovali mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou t\u011blesnou silou. Jejich v\u00fdcvik v gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 \u0161kole trval t\u0159i roky a pot\u00e9 m\u011bli mo\u017enost utkat se v ar\u00e9n\u011b bu\u010f s dravou \u0161elmou, nebo zm\u011b\u0159it s\u00edly s n\u011bkter\u00fdm ze sv\u00fdch \u201ekoleg\u016f\u201c. Cel\u00e1 jejich existence tedy spo\u010d\u00edvala v tr\u00e9ninku a posl\u00e9ze z\u00e1pasu na \u017eivot a na smrt pro pobaven\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho lidu.<\/p>\n

Do sou\u010dasnosti se zachovalo jen velmi m\u00e1lo zm\u00ednek o Spartakovi, jeho \u017eivot\u011b a roli, jakou v povst\u00e1n\u00ed sehr\u00e1l. O jeho d\u011btstv\u00ed nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo nic prokazateln\u00e9ho. Jedin\u00e9 m\u00edsto starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, kde se d\u00e1valo jm\u00e9no Spartacus, bylo v Thr\u00e1kii, kter\u00e1 se rozkl\u00e1dala na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Bulharska a \u0158ecka. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu je v\u00edc ne\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee slavn\u00fd gladi\u00e1tor poch\u00e1zel pr\u00e1v\u011b odtud. Podle antick\u00e9ho historika Pl\u00fatarcha se dostal k z\u00e1pasnick\u00e9mu \u0159emeslu tak, \u017ee byl zajat a do \u0158\u00edma p\u0159iputoval jako otrok. D\u00edky jeho mohutn\u00e9 t\u011blesn\u00e9 konstrukci si ho v\u0161imnul majitel gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 \u0161koly v Capui a od toho se odv\u00edjel dal\u0161\u00ed Spartak\u016fv osud.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky sv\u00fdm z\u00e1pasnick\u00fdm schopnostem se Spartakus vypracoval na u\u010ditele a u\u010dil ostatn\u00ed zotro\u010den\u00e9 gladi\u00e1tory \u0161ermovat. Byl ale majetkem gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 \u0161koly, nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a o jeho \u017eivot\u011b a smrti rozhodoval majitel \u0161koly. Nespokojenost se sv\u00fdm osudem otroka p\u0159ivedla Spartaka k vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu: Spolu se sv\u00fdmi druhy se rozhodnul uprchnout a vydob\u00fdt si svobodu n\u00e1sil\u00edm.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Vyzbrojeni no\u017ei a n\u011bkolika uko\u0159ist\u011bn\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi Spartakus s asi 70 mu\u017ei porazili str\u00e1\u017e a vydali se do kaldery na Vesuvu nedaleko dne\u0161n\u00ed Neapole. Jejich cesta z Capuy pod Vesuv byla plna rabov\u00e1n\u00ed, vypalov\u00e1n\u00ed statk\u016f \u0158\u00edman\u016f a osvobozov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch otrok\u016f. Poda\u0159ilo se jim naverbovat asi 4000 dal\u0161\u00edch otrok\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed stejn\u011b jako oni, nem\u011bli co ztratit.<\/p>\n

Zpr\u00e1va o vzpou\u0159e otrok\u016f nezadr\u017eiteln\u011b zaplavila \u0158\u00edm. Sen\u00e1t se dohodl na okam\u017eit\u00e9 akci a proti rebel\u016fm vyslal osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9ho velitele Gaia Claudia Glabera a jeho 3000 v\u011brn\u00fdch a schopn\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f. V\u00fdprava se ihned pustila do pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a za n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed byla Spartakovi a jeho skupin\u011b v pat\u00e1ch. Obkl\u00ed\u010dili cel\u00e9 \u00fapat\u00ed sopky Vesuv, jeliko\u017e v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee se jedna o z\u00e1kladnu vzbou\u0159enc\u016f a jejich c\u00edlem bylo je vyhladov\u011bt. Spartakus v\u0161ak jejich pl\u00e1n prohl\u00e9dnul a napl\u00e1noval pomstu: Zat\u00edmco \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 spokojen\u011b spali ve sv\u00e9m t\u00e1bo\u0159e, b\u00fdval\u00ed gladi\u00e1to\u0159i proklouzli jejich le\u017een\u00edm tak, \u017ee st\u0159e\u017eenou stezku obe\u0161li slan\u011bn\u00edm ze skaln\u00edch p\u0159evis\u016f po \u017eeb\u0159\u00edc\u00edch utkan\u00fdch z vinn\u00e9 r\u00e9vy, kter\u00e1 rostla v\u0161ude kolem\u2026 N\u00e1sledovala hrozn\u00e1 jatka. P\u0159ekvapen\u00ed \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 nem\u011bli proti dob\u0159e vycvi\u010den\u00fdm z\u00e1pasn\u00edk\u016fm sebemen\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci. Vzbou\u0159enci sekali hlava nehlava a celou Glaberovu v\u00fdprav utopili v krvi. Jejich v\u00fdzbroj, zbran\u011b a pen\u00edze si rozd\u011blili v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 mezi sebou rovn\u00fdm d\u00edlem. Toto Spartakovo gesto \u201esocialismu\u201c skv\u011ble zafungovalo a jeho stoupenci se mu stali je\u0161t\u011b v\u011brn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd sen\u00e1t si po tomto ne\u00fasp\u011bchu uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 jen o n\u011bjakou zdivo\u010delou l\u016fzu a \u017ee opravdu znamenaj\u00ed re\u00e1lnou hrozbu. \u0158e\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mu byl pov\u011b\u0159en vysok\u00fd \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk Varius. Nikdo v \u0158\u00edm\u011b ov\u0161em netu\u0161il, \u017ee Spartakova vojska se rozrostla na 20 000 mu\u017e\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se rekrutovali p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z jihoitalsk\u00fdch osvobozen\u00fdch otrok\u016f a \u017ee tito mu\u017ei jsou podrobeni tvrd\u00e9mu v\u00fdcviku.<\/p>\n

Znep\u0159\u00e1telen\u00e9 strany se mezi sebou znovu utkaly 13. ledna 72 p\u0159. n. l. u m\u011bste\u010dka Herkulanea. Pro \u0158\u00edmany byl v\u00fdsledek bitvy ot\u0159esn\u00fd. Zdivo\u010del\u00fdm otrok\u016fm nesta\u010dilo, \u017ee celou Variovu v\u00fdpravu porazili na hlavu a sp\u00e1lili symboly \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republiky, ale nav\u00edc nechali asi 400 zajat\u00fdch \u0158\u00edman\u016f bojovat mezi sebou na zp\u016fsob gladi\u00e1torsk\u00fdch z\u00e1pas\u016f. Ty co z\u00e1pas p\u0159e\u017eili nakonec povstalci uk\u0159i\u017eovali.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f obsadili b\u00fdval\u00ed gladi\u00e1to\u0159i cel\u00fd jih It\u00e1lie a \u0158\u00edm si za\u010dal uv\u011bdomovat, \u017ee nyn\u00ed u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 tis\u00edcov\u00e1 Spartakova arm\u00e1da d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji na hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto imp\u00e9ria za\u00fato\u010d\u00ed. V t\u00e9to situaci by to znamenalo jeho p\u00e1d. Ov\u0161em takov\u00e9 ambice Spartakus nem\u011bl. Jeho c\u00edlem bylo dostat se na sever a\u017e k velk\u00fdm hor\u00e1m (Alp\u00e1m) a tam se se sv\u00fdmi druhy rozlou\u010dit a vr\u00e1tit se zp\u011bt do sv\u00e9 zem\u011b. Spartakova arm\u00e1da se skl\u00e1dala z mnoha n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed \u2013 Thr\u00e1k\u016f, Gal\u016f, Ilyr\u016f a Germ\u00e1n\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch. Tento fakt se nakonec stal osudn\u00fdm, proto\u017ee se do pospolitosti otrok\u016f za\u010daly pomalu vkr\u00e1dat rozep\u0159e. Prvn\u00ed zr\u00e1dn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka se zrodila v hlav\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00edho Spartakova p\u0159\u00edtele Crixa. Ten se se svou skupinkou Ilyr\u016f rozhodl Spartaka opustit a odjet do sv\u00e9 domoviny na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Chorvatska. Na cest\u011b ale v\u0161ichni padli do nastra\u017een\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010dky \u0158\u00edman\u016f a dom\u016f nikdy nedopluli.<\/p>\n

Spartakovy odd\u00edly d\u00e1le putovaly Apeninsk\u00fdm poloostrovem a kosily legie jednu za druhou. Pak se ale p\u0159ihodilo n\u011bco nevysv\u011btliteln\u00e9ho \u2013 Spartakus a jeho v\u011brn\u00ed toti\u017e neukon\u010dili sv\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed a nerozutekli se dom\u016f, jak si slibovali, ale rozhodli se kone\u010dn\u011b za\u00fato\u010dit na srdce imp\u00e9ria \u2013 \u0158\u00edm. Re\u00e1ln\u011b tak hrozilo jeho vyplen\u011bn\u00ed jako za \u010das\u016f Hannibala! Zd\u011b\u0161en\u00fd sen\u00e1t ud\u011blil bezv\u00fdhradn\u00e9 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 pravomoci Marcu Liciniu Crassovi a doufal ve sp\u00e1su. A Crassus byl odhodlan\u00fd nezklamat! Okam\u017eit\u011b zavedl opravdu drsn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00fdcviku \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f: Proto, aby ve sv\u00fdch mu\u017e\u00edch probudil bojovn\u00e9ho ducha, p\u0159istoupil k jejich decimaci \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho des\u00e1t\u00e9ho z nich nechal popravit.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco v \u0158\u00edm\u011b prob\u00edhaly v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravy. Rozhodl se Spartakus, s nyn\u00ed u\u017e asi 150 000 mu\u017ei, vybudovat si na Sic\u00edlii n\u011bco jako sv\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a tam nasb\u00edrat s\u00edly a prost\u0159edky k \u00fatoku na \u0158\u00edm. Nechal se ov\u0161em nap\u00e1lit proradn\u00fdmi pir\u00e1ty. Ti si nejprve nechali za p\u0159evoz na ostrov zaplatit a pak se po nich slehla zem. Zat\u00edmco se tedy Spartakovo vojsko na jihu vzpamatov\u00e1valo ze zrady, vybudoval Crassus se sv\u00fdmi jednotkami mohutn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkop \u2013 50 km dlouh\u00fd a 5 m hlubok\u00fd, spojuj\u00edc\u00ed Tyrh\u00e9nsk\u00e9 a J\u00f3nsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e a povstalce tak doslova od\u0159\u00edzli ve \u0161pi\u010dce italsk\u00e9 \u201eboty\u201c. Toto by ov\u0161em nebyl hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Ve Spartakov\u011b t\u00e1bo\u0159e toti\u017e mezit\u00edm do\u0161lo k osudov\u00e9 roztr\u017ece ohledn\u011b vojensk\u00e9 strategie. Ta m\u011bla za n\u00e1sledek rozd\u011blen\u00ed gigantick\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy otrok\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Spartakus z\u016fstal na m\u00edst\u011b a po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st arm\u00e1dy \u0161la zasyp\u00e1vat p\u0159\u00edkop vybudovan\u00fd \u0158\u00edmany. Za n\u00edm je ov\u0161em \u010dekaly po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a odpo\u010dat\u00e9 Crassovy jednotky. Otroci sna\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se dostat p\u0159es p\u0159\u00edkop, byli \u0158\u00edmany zmasakrov\u00e1ni a pak se legie vrhly na zhruba 60 000 zbyl\u00fdch Spartakov\u00fdch hrdin\u016f. T\u011bm se sice je\u0161t\u011b poda\u0159ilo p\u0159ekro\u010dit v boji Crass\u016fv p\u0159\u00edkop, ale p\u0159i n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 bitv\u011b u Apulii u\u017e nem\u011bli proti trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 p\u0159esile \u0161anci. Podle \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch historik\u016f se Spartakus bil state\u010dn\u011b a v prvn\u00edch lini\u00edch, jako prav\u00fd vojev\u016fdce. Nakonec v bitv\u011b nalezl smrt. T\u00edm ov\u0161em jeho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh neskon\u010dil. Symbolickou te\u010dku za cel\u00fdm povst\u00e1n\u00edm ud\u011blalo 6000 k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u016f, je\u017e na Crass\u016fv popud olemovaly cestu z Capuy do \u0158\u00edma. Na t\u011bchto k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00edch viselo 6000 rebel\u016f, jako v\u00fdstraha do budoucna\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V okam\u017eiku kdy \u0158\u00edm st\u00e1l na prahu sv\u00e9 nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historie, dostal z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00fd \u00fader ze sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch \u0159ad \u2013 povstali proti n\u011bmu dosud loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed gladi\u00e1to\u0159i. V obdob\u00ed mezi lety 73 a\u017e 71 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem ko\u010dovaly tyto hordy otrok\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch k zab\u00edjen\u00ed v ar\u00e9n\u00e1ch Apeninsk\u00fdm poloostrovem pod velen\u00edm sv\u00e9ho v\u016fdce Spartaka a byli odhodl\u00e1ni se za […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[474,472,87,475,473,477,476],"class_list":["post-1163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-bojovnik","tag-gladiator","tag-historie","tag-rim","tag-spartakus","tag-starovek","tag-vojevudce"],"yoast_head":"\nSpartakus: Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed gladi\u00e1tor a rebel starov\u011bku - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Internetov\u00fd magaz\u00edn nejen pro mu\u017ee. 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