{"id":12441,"date":"2019-11-10T06:00:33","date_gmt":"2019-11-10T05:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=12441"},"modified":"2019-08-26T22:49:49","modified_gmt":"2019-08-26T20:49:49","slug":"krvave-diamanty-symboly-lasky-ktere-staly-miliony-lidi-zivot-a-stale-prinaseji-utrpeni-a-smrt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/krvave-diamanty-symboly-lasky-ktere-staly-miliony-lidi-zivot-a-stale-prinaseji-utrpeni-a-smrt\/","title":{"rendered":"Krvav\u00e9 diamanty: Symboly l\u00e1sky, kter\u00e9 st\u00e1ly miliony lid\u00ed \u017eivot a st\u00e1le p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a smrt"},"content":{"rendered":"

Roky byly diamanty v Africe hnac\u00ed silou ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Rebelov\u00e9 za n\u011b kupovali zbran\u011b, kter\u00fdmi povra\u017edili miliony lid\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edtr\u017e tomu m\u011bl u\u010dinit takzvan\u00fd Kimberleysk\u00fd proces. Jen\u017ee mnoho diamant\u016f je po\u0159\u00e1d pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bno krv\u00ed. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b vzbuzuje obavy hlavn\u011b Zimbabwe \u010di Pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed slonoviny.<\/strong><\/p>
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V kv\u011btnu 2012 byl k do\u017eivotn\u00edmu trestu odsouzen liberijsk\u00fd prezident Charles Taylor. Ve sv\u00e9 zemi rozpoutal jako v\u016fdce Liberijsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed fronty v roce 1989 ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lku. B\u00fdval\u00e9ho prezidenta Samuela Doea nechal umu\u010dit. V ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce zahynulo 150 000 lid\u00ed a 1 000 000 dal\u0161\u00edch muselo opustit sv\u00e9 domovy.<\/p>
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V 90. letech jako v\u00e1\u017een\u00fd prezident Lib\u00e9rie dotoval a podporoval rebely bojuj\u00edc\u00ed v Sierra Leone zbran\u011bmi a diamanty. Svou moc postavil na obchodu s krvav\u00fdmi diamanty a zdaleka to nebyl ojedin\u011bl\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cel\u00fd africk\u00fd lid hyne kv\u016fli drah\u00fdm nerost\u016fm po statis\u00edc\u00edch des\u00edtky let. Za krvav\u00e9 se pova\u017euj\u00ed ty vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9 v bojov\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch nebo v oblastech pod veden\u00edm rebel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed z jejich prodeje financuj\u00ed zbran\u011b.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Des\u00edtky let vlastn\u011b sponzorovaly v\u00e1lky v Angole, Lib\u00e9rii, Sierra Leone a dal\u0161\u00edch africk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, v nich\u017e zem\u0159ely miliony obyvatel. I kdy\u017e jsou velk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky financovan\u00e9 diamanty v podstat\u011b minulost\u00ed, lid\u00e9 kv\u016fli nim st\u00e1le trp\u00ed.<\/p>
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Roky tvo\u0159ily diamanty v Africe hnac\u00ed motor krveprolit\u00ed a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. \u0160krt p\u0159es rozpo\u010det m\u011bl ud\u011blat Kimberleysk\u00fd proces. Mezi zem\u011b nejv\u00edce zasa\u017een\u00e9 touto problematikou pat\u0159\u00ed Lib\u00e9rie, Pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed slonoviny, Kongo, Angola a Zimbabwe. V novodob\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme st\u00e1le naj\u00edt oblasti, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s nut\u00ed k zamy\u0161len\u00ed. V zimbabwsk\u00e9 oblasti Marange dohl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed ozbrojenci od r\u00e1na do ve\u010dera na t\u011b\u017ebu nerost\u016f. Pracovn\u00ed podm\u00ednky jsou na \u00farovni otroctv\u00ed v minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. \u010casto zde pracuj\u00ed bez j\u00eddla a p\u0159est\u00e1vek i d\u011bti. Podm\u00ednky africk\u00fdch horn\u00edk\u016f n\u00e1m zprost\u0159edkoval i s\u00e1m Hollywood ve filmu Krvav\u00fd diamant. Filmov\u00e9 vyobrazen\u00ed nem\u00e1 daleko od pravdy.<\/p>
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Prvn\u00ed diamantovou velmoc\u00ed byla Indie. V roce 1700 se za\u010daly m\u00edstn\u00ed z\u00e1soby nerostn\u00e9ho bohatstv\u00ed zmen\u0161ovat a bylo nutn\u00e9 vyp\u00e1trat nov\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b. Ta se objevila v Braz\u00edlii, kter\u00e1 po dal\u0161\u00edch 150 let dominovala v t\u011b\u017eb\u011b diamant\u016f. Modern\u00ed historie krvav\u00fdch diamant\u016f za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b po vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u0161ech z\u00e1sob v Braz\u00edlii.<\/p>
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P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh rumu: Krut\u00e1 historie pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00e1 krv\u00ed africk\u00fdch otrok\u016f<\/a><\/h4>
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Polovina sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce dnes poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Afriky. S t\u011b\u017ebou se zde za\u010dalo p\u0159ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 150 lety, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v roce 1867, kdy byly objeveny nedaleko Kimberley v Jihoafrick\u00e9 republice. Cti\u017e\u00e1dostiv\u00fd podnikatel Cecil Rhodes zde o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji zalo\u017eil sv\u011btozn\u00e1mou spole\u010dnost De Beers, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e v roce 1900 kontrolovala 90% sv\u011btov\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eby diamant\u016f a svou dominantn\u00ed pozici si dr\u017e\u00ed dodnes. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu 20. stolet\u00ed se v d\u016fsledku vstupu nov\u00fdch zem\u00ed z\u00e1soby zv\u00fd\u0161ily 50kr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed za\u010daly zp\u016fsobovat v Africe ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a nepokoje, a\u017e se z kam\u00ednk\u016f, pova\u017eovan\u00fdch za symbol l\u00e1sky, stal najednou d\u016fvod \u00famrt\u00ed milion\u016f lid\u00ed. V tomto obdob\u00ed tvo\u0159ily krvav\u00e9 diamanty zhruba 15 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Spole\u010dnosti obchoduj\u00edc\u00ed s diamanty jako Tiffany nebo De Beers odm\u00edtaly propojen\u00ed luxusn\u00edho zbo\u017e\u00ed s krvav\u00fdmi v\u00e1lkami. Proto v roce 2003 p\u0159i\u0161el na sc\u00e9nu Kimberleysk\u00fd proces, s c\u00edlem zabr\u00e1nit povstaleck\u00fdm arm\u00e1d\u00e1m vyu\u017e\u00edvat diamanty k financov\u00e1n\u00ed krveprolit\u00ed.<\/p>
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Kimberleysk\u00fd proces, mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b ozna\u010den\u00fd KPCS, vlastn\u011b sdru\u017euje st\u00e1ty a z\u00e1stupce firem obchoduj\u00edc\u00ed s t\u00edmto zbo\u017e\u00edm. Ka\u017ed\u00fd diamant tak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt opat\u0159en certifikac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 jeho trasu od t\u011b\u017eby a\u017e po kone\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kazn\u00edka.<\/p>
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Krvav\u00e1 vzpoura kv\u016fli zdan\u011bn\u00ed alkoholu! Za chlast se p\u0159eci mus\u00ed bojovat<\/a><\/h4>
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Dohoda ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e pomohla sn\u00ed\u017eit procento krvav\u00fdch diamant\u016f na 1 a\u017e 4 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce. Do dne\u0161n\u00edho dna spojuje 74 zem\u00ed. I p\u0159es nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed m\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed st\u00e1le slab\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Za konfliktn\u00ed mohou byt ozna\u010deny pouze diamanty poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze zem\u00ed s ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lkou. Velk\u00fd probl\u00e9m m\u00e1 v tomto ohledu Zimbabwe, ve kter\u00e9m sice ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka nen\u00ed, ale i tak jsou spojeny s krveprolit\u00edm a udr\u017een\u00edm moci m\u00edstn\u00edch dikt\u00e1tor\u016f.<\/p>
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Jeliko\u017e se nejedn\u00e1 o \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nedostupn\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed, v \u010dem tedy tkv\u00ed tak obrovsk\u00e1 popt\u00e1vka po t\u011bchto nerostech? Objem jejich t\u011b\u017eby se jen loni po\u010d\u00edtal na v\u00edce ne\u017e 25 tun, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 127 000 000 kar\u00e1t\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem bude nesmysln\u011b p\u0159emr\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 cena tak mal\u00e9ho kousku kamene. Do jednoho kam\u00ednku m\u016f\u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd ob\u010dan Evropsk\u00e9 unie vlo\u017eit sv\u00e9 celo\u017eivotn\u00ed \u00faspory. Je mobiln\u00ed a detektor kov\u016f ho nem\u00e1 \u0161anci odhalit. Dal\u0161\u00ed nezpochybnitelnou v\u00fdhodou bude nevystopovatelnost transakce proveden\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed diamant\u016f. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem tvo\u0159\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed platidlo pro drogov\u00e9 bossy, africk\u00e9 dikt\u00e1tory a zkr\u00e1tka v\u0161echny krimin\u00e1ln\u00edky. Bezmezn\u00e1 l\u00e1ska k nim propukla mezi obyvatelstvem ji\u017e ve 4. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Do Evropy se poprv\u00e9 dostaly z Indie. Hlavn\u00edm diamantov\u00fdm centrem byly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b Ben\u00e1tky. Touha vlastnit leskl\u00fd kam\u00ednek se za\u010dala \u0161\u00ed\u0159it cel\u00fdm kontinentem. Na konci 14. stolet\u00ed se ve\u0161ker\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159esunulo z Ben\u00e1tek do belgick\u00fdch Antverp. Tam je poprv\u00e9 za\u010dali s\u00e1zet do z\u00e1snubn\u00edch prsten\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Velk\u00fd zlom na diamantov\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159i\u0161el v roce 1456, kdy klenotn\u00edk Lodewijck van Berken z Brug p\u0159i\u0161el na to, \u017ee diamanty lze brousit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1jem o diamanty sice st\u00e1le roste, ale neinvestuje se do nich v takov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e jako nap\u0159\u00edklad do zlata. M\u016f\u017ee za to fakt, \u017ee nemaj\u00ed stanovenou \u017e\u00e1dnou univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed cenu za gram. Proces ohodnocen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednoho je individu\u00e1ln\u00ed a z\u00e1vis\u00ed na velikosti, vz\u00e1cnosti a barv\u011b samotn\u00e9ho kamene. Rozd\u00edl, p\u0159esto\u017ee u\u017e jen o 0,1 kar\u00e1t m\u016f\u017ee byt obrovsk\u00fd.<\/p>
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K hmotnostn\u00edmu ozna\u010den\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednotka kar\u00e1t. P\u016fvodn\u011b \u0161lo o hmotnost semene svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho chleba, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edvala zejm\u00e9na v Ar\u00e1bii a Persii p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed ceny drah\u00fdch kamen\u016f a zlata. Velikost a v\u00e1ha t\u011bchto semen byla toti\u017e stejn\u00e1, a tak se vytvo\u0159il univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m ohodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed. V arab\u0161tin\u011b se semena naz\u00fdvala \u201ekharrub\u201c\u00a0a v \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b \u201eker\u00e1tion\u201c, z \u010deho\u017e vznikl n\u00e1\u0161 kar\u00e1t. Dnes je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n hlavn\u011b metrick\u00fd kar\u00e1t, kter\u00fd v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed 200 mg, tedy 0,2 g. Diamant o hmotnosti jednoho gramu m\u00e1 tak 5 kar\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zamy\u0161len\u00edhodn\u00fd je zejm\u00e9na fakt, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdo nedok\u00e1\u017ee rozeznat skute\u010dn\u00fd diamant v hodnot\u011b milion\u016f dolar\u016f od um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho za zlomkovou cenu. Rozd\u00edl pozn\u00e1 jen skute\u010dn\u00fd znalec.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

K \u010demu n\u00e1m vlastn\u011b pak slou\u017e\u00ed, kdy\u017e ani sami nejsme schopni poznat rozd\u00edl mezi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm a um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fdm kamenem a na potvrzen\u00ed pravosti pot\u0159ebujeme certifik\u00e1t? Statistiky uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee v roce 2014 bylo vyrobeno 72 kilogram\u016f (360 000 kar\u00e1t\u016f) syntetick\u00fdch diamant\u016f. V\u00a0roce 2018 se pod\u00edl um\u011ble vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch diamant\u016f m\u011bl po\u010d\u00edtat na miliony kar\u00e1t\u016f a tvo\u0159il p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2% sv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce.<\/p>
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Jak\u00e1 je nejlep\u0161\u00ed? V\u0161e, co jste nev\u011bd\u011bli o whisky a b\u00e1li jste se zeptat<\/a><\/h4>
","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Roky byly diamanty v Africe hnac\u00ed silou ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Rebelov\u00e9 za n\u011b kupovali zbran\u011b, kter\u00fdmi povra\u017edili miliony lid\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edtr\u017e tomu m\u011bl u\u010dinit takzvan\u00fd Kimberleysk\u00fd proces. Jen\u017ee mnoho diamant\u016f je po\u0159\u00e1d pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bno krv\u00ed. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b vzbuzuje obavy hlavn\u011b Zimbabwe \u010di Pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed slonoviny. V kv\u011btnu 2012 byl k do\u017eivotn\u00edmu trestu odsouzen liberijsk\u00fd prezident […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12442,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[877,498,2100,2722,87,2721,708,2720,2719],"class_list":["post-12441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-afrika","tag-boje","tag-diamanty","tag-drahe-kameny","tag-historie","tag-kimberleysky-proces","tag-kriminalita","tag-obcanska-valka","tag-valky"],"yoast_head":"\nKrvav\u00e9 diamanty: Symboly l\u00e1sky, kter\u00e9 st\u00e1ly miliony lid\u00ed \u017eivot a st\u00e1le p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a smrt - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Roky byly diamanty v Africe hnac\u00ed silou ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Rebelov\u00e9 za n\u011b kupovali zbran\u011b, kter\u00fdmi povra\u017edili miliony lid\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edtr\u017e tomu m\u011bl u\u010dinit takzvan\u00fd Kimberleysk\u00fd proces. Jen\u017ee mnoho diamant\u016f je po\u0159\u00e1d pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bno krv\u00ed. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b vzbuzuje obavy hlavn\u011b Zimbabwe \u010di Pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed slonoviny.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/krvave-diamanty-symboly-lasky-ktere-staly-miliony-lidi-zivot-a-stale-prinaseji-utrpeni-a-smrt\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Krvav\u00e9 diamanty: Symboly l\u00e1sky, kter\u00e9 st\u00e1ly miliony lid\u00ed \u017eivot a st\u00e1le p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a smrt - Mzone\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Roky byly diamanty v Africe hnac\u00ed silou ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Rebelov\u00e9 za n\u011b kupovali zbran\u011b, kter\u00fdmi povra\u017edili miliony lid\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edtr\u017e tomu m\u011bl u\u010dinit takzvan\u00fd Kimberleysk\u00fd proces. Jen\u017ee mnoho diamant\u016f je po\u0159\u00e1d pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bno krv\u00ed. 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