{"id":15426,"date":"2020-04-26T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-26T03:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=15426"},"modified":"2020-04-24T09:10:27","modified_gmt":"2020-04-24T07:10:27","slug":"jak-funguje-elektricky-motor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/jak-funguje-elektricky-motor\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak funguje elektrick\u00fd motor? 10 ot\u00e1zek a odpov\u011bd\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na jak\u00e9m principu vlastn\u011b elektromobily funguj\u00ed? Jak se li\u0161\u00ed jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed od aut se spalovac\u00edmi motory? A jak je to s jejich spolehlivost\u00ed? To v\u0161e a mnohem v\u00edc se dozv\u00edte v na\u0161em \u010dl\u00e1nku!<\/strong><\/p>
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Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 doba elektrick\u00e1. Elektromobily se ji\u017e brzy nejsp\u00ed\u0161 stanou b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161ich ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u017eivot\u016f. Jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ale pro velkou \u010d\u00e1st \u0159idi\u010d\u016f st\u00e1le obest\u00edr\u00e1 mnoho nejasnost\u00ed. Elektrick\u00e1 auta maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchu\u0165 nezn\u00e1ma, n\u011b\u010deho slo\u017eit\u00e9ho, nesrozumiteln\u00e9ho a technologicky vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsou naopak v \u0159ad\u011b ohled\u016f jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vozy se spalovac\u00edmi motory.<\/p>
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1. V \u010dem se li\u0161\u00ed elektromotor od spalovac\u00edho motoru?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd princip p\u0159em\u011bny energie na mechanick\u00fd pohyb. Zat\u00edmco spalovac\u00ed motor vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 termodynamick\u00fdch jev\u016f p\u0159i spalov\u00e1n\u00ed paliva, u elektromotor\u016f k t\u00e9to p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00edm elektromagnetick\u00fdch jev\u016f p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu elektrick\u00e9ho proudu magnetick\u00fdm polem. Spalovac\u00ed motor pracuje s klikov\u00fdm mechanismem, tedy s v\u00e1lci, p\u00edsty, ventily, klikov\u00fdm h\u0159\u00eddelem a dal\u0161\u00edmi komponenty, j\u00e1dro elektromotor\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro pohon voz\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze stator a rotor a jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 interakce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd takov\u00fd elektromotor m\u00e1 nav\u00edc i tu vlastnost, \u017ee se um\u00ed chovat jako gener\u00e1tor, tak\u017ee p\u0159i brzd\u011bn\u00ed a zpomalov\u00e1n\u00ed vozu m\u016f\u017eeme energii vracet zp\u011bt do baterie a t\u00edm ji dob\u00edjet.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2. Jak se li\u0161\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed elektromotoru a spalovac\u00edho motoru?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto motor\u016f m\u00e1 zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh v\u00fdkonu a to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu. Zat\u00edmco u spalovac\u00edho motoru v\u00fdkon a moment roste s ot\u00e1\u010dkami do sv\u00e9ho maxima, u elektromotoru je maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed moment k dispozici ji\u017e od t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00fdch ot\u00e1\u010dek a sm\u011brem k nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm ot\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1m pak kles\u00e1. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee elektromobil m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ta\u017enou s\u00edlu hned p\u0159i rozjezdu, a tedy pom\u011brn\u011b velkou dynamiku. Elektromotor nav\u00edc d\u00edky velmi \u0161irok\u00e9mu rozsahu pracovn\u00edch ot\u00e1\u010dek nepot\u0159ebuje v\u00edcestup\u0148ovou p\u0159evodovku se spojkou a typick\u00e9mu elektroautu tak sta\u010d\u00ed od rozjet\u00ed a\u017e po j\u00edzdu maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost\u00ed jedin\u00fd p\u0159evodov\u00fd stupe\u0148, tzv. reduktor.<\/p>
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3. Jak se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdkon elektromobilu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00fdkonu nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00fd jako u konven\u010dn\u00edch voz\u016f. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b elektromobilu nen\u00ed v\u00fdkon d\u00e1n pouze v\u00fdkonem pohonn\u00e9 jednotky, ale je ovlivn\u011bn i v\u00fdkonem, kter\u00fd je schopna dodat baterie. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy v\u017edy o hodnotu, kter\u00e1 je d\u00e1na cel\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem pohonu. Proto lze pohon navrhnout nap\u0159\u00edklad i tak, \u017ee jeho technick\u00fd z\u00e1klad je pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdkonnostn\u00ed verze spole\u010dn\u00fd a kone\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon vozu je pak d\u00e1n jen kombinac\u00ed s r\u016fzn\u011b dimenzovan\u00fdmi bateriemi.<\/p>
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4. Jak se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed spot\u0159eba?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Spot\u0159eba u elektrick\u00fdch voz\u016f ud\u00e1v\u00e1 spot\u0159ebovanou energii v kilowatthodin\u00e1ch na 100 kilometr\u016f j\u00edzdy (kWh\/100 km). Na sdru\u017een\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstroji lze podobn\u011b jako u konven\u010dn\u00edch voz\u016f zobrazit informace jak o okam\u017eit\u00e9, tak i o pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 spot\u0159eb\u011b. Nav\u00edc je zde zobrazov\u00e1no i mno\u017estv\u00ed rekuperovan\u00e9 energie zp\u011bt do bateri\u00ed.<\/p>
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5. Jak je to se servisem a \u017eivotnost\u00ed elektromobilu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed a vlastn\u011b jedinou pohyblivou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed elektromotoru je rotor, jsou n\u00e1roky na servis ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se spalovac\u00edm motorem naprosto minim\u00e1ln\u00ed. Nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba m\u011bnit olej ani palivov\u00e9 \u010di vzduchov\u00e9 filtry. Proto\u017ee se \u010dasto jedn\u00e1 o vysokoot\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e9 stroje, je nutn\u00e9 dob\u0159e konstruk\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it n\u00e1roky zejm\u00e9na na lo\u017eiska, obecn\u011b lze ale \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee elektropohon vy\u017eaduje ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed servisn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di ne\u017e konven\u010dn\u00ed motory.<\/p>
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6. Kter\u00e1 kola elektromotor poh\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Principi\u00e1ln\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 um\u00edstit motor jak na p\u0159edn\u00ed, tak na zadn\u00ed n\u00e1pravu. Obecn\u011b je ale pro elektromobil v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed pohonu zadn\u00edch kol, kde se siln\u00fd krout\u00edc\u00ed moment elektromotoru dok\u00e1\u017ee l\u00e9pe a efektivn\u011bji p\u0159en\u00e9st na vozovku. P\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm druh\u00e9ho elektromotoru na p\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1pravu pak lze pom\u011brn\u011b jednodu\u0161e realizovat pln\u011b elektrick\u00fd pohon v\u0161ech kol.<\/p>
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7. Maj\u00ed v\u0161echny elektromobily stejn\u00fd typ motoru?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u011b jako lid\u00e9 vyvinuli r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy spalovac\u00edch motor\u016f, existuje i n\u011bkolik mo\u017enost\u00ed a variant elektromotor\u016f. Jejich typ je v\u017edy volen s ohledem na po\u017eadovan\u00e9 vlastnosti vozu. Pokud p\u016fjdeme v\u00edce do detailu, tak nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou takzvan\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edf\u00e1zov\u00e9 synchronn\u00ed motory, \u010dasto s permanentn\u00edmi magnety, nebo motory asynchronn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jejich variace. Ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bchto motor\u016f b\u00fdv\u00e1 jednotka s v\u00fdkonovou elektronikou, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na motoru bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo integrovan\u00e1, nebo um\u00edst\u011bna separ\u00e1tn\u011b a s motorem je pak propojena t\u0159emi siln\u00fdmi f\u00e1zov\u00fdmi vodi\u010di.<\/p>
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8. Je rozd\u00edl mezi elektromotory v plug-in hybridech a \u010dist\u011b elektrick\u00fdch vozech?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ano. P\u0159i konstrukci motoru pro \u010dist\u011b elektrick\u00fd v\u016fz se vych\u00e1z\u00ed z toho, \u017ee ve voze \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd druh pohonu nebude a nen\u00ed tud\u00ed\u017e pot\u0159eba ho jakkoli zohled\u0148ovat. Motor tak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt optim\u00e1ln\u011b navr\u017een s ohledem na po\u017eadovan\u00fd to\u010div\u00fd moment a v\u00fdkon, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ot\u00e1\u010dky a z\u00e1stavbov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti vozu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naproti tomu konstrukce motoru pro hybridn\u00ed pohon mus\u00ed zohlednit i vlastnosti spalovac\u00edho motoru, se kter\u00fdm elektromotor spolupracuje \u2013 mo\u017enosti mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ipojen\u00ed, pracovn\u00ed teploty, ot\u00e1\u010dky a pr\u016fb\u011bh v\u00fdkonu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je i syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pohonu. V\u016fz mus\u00ed um\u011bt jet jak \u010dist\u011b elektricky, tak ve spalovac\u00edm \u010di kombinovan\u00e9m re\u017eimu, a to v\u017edy s optim\u00e1ln\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm energie.<\/p>
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9. Je pravda, \u017ee elektromobily existovaly u\u017e p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 lety?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed pokusy o sestrojen\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho vozu vznikaly u\u017e v roce 1835 (tedy 48 let p\u0159ed sestrojen\u00edm prvn\u00edho benz\u00ednov\u00e9ho motoru), a to nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b v It\u00e1lii a Nizozem\u00ed. Na konstruk\u010dn\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch vozidel s elektrick\u00fdm pohonem pak na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed pracovali nap\u0159\u00edklad i \u010desk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce Franti\u0161ek K\u0159i\u017e\u00edk nebo Ferdinand Porsche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1900 jezdilo v USA dokonce v\u00edce elektromobil\u016f ne\u017e voz\u016f se spalovac\u00edmi motory a stejn\u011b tak hranici 100 km\/h poko\u0159il jako prvn\u00ed v\u016fz s elektrick\u00fdm pohonem.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Tyto vozy ale m\u011bly st\u00e1le t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 olov\u011bn\u00e9 baterie a kr\u00e1tk\u00fd dojezd. N\u00e1stup s\u00e9riov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby automobil\u016f a masov\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed spalovac\u00edch motor\u016f s komfortn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dojezdem ov\u0161em pou\u017eit\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho pohonu na dlouh\u00fd \u010das odsunuly na vedlej\u0161\u00ed kolej.<\/p>
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10. Pro\u010d se dnes elektromotory op\u011bt rozv\u00edjej\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K rozmachu eMobility v dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bla nejen pot\u0159eba sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00edch emis\u00ed v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a CO2<\/sub>, ale zejm\u00e9na zrychluj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdvoj a dostupnost nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed. Modern\u00ed baterie na b\u00e1zi lithia maj\u00ed n\u00e1sobn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed schopnost ukl\u00e1dat a vyd\u00e1vat pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, maj\u00ed svoji vlastn\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed elektroniku, komunikuj\u00ed s cel\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem vozu a na jejich dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvoji se intenzivn\u011b pracuje.<\/p>
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\"\"<\/figure>
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Stejn\u011b tak i dne\u0161n\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e9st n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed proudy p\u0159i minim\u00e1ln\u00edch ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch a lze je tak vyu\u017e\u00edt k efektivn\u00ed regulaci a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch elektromotor\u016f. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed podpory eMobility je i v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dostupnost tzv. zelen\u00e9 energie z obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f a pl\u00e1novan\u00fd rozvoj infrastruktury nab\u00edjec\u00edch stanic.<\/p>
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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed elektromobil od \u0160kodovky u\u017e je na trhu! Vyprodal se b\u011bhem chvilky<\/a><\/h4>
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Na jak\u00e9m principu vlastn\u011b elektromobily funguj\u00ed? Jak se li\u0161\u00ed jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed od aut se spalovac\u00edmi motory? A jak je to s jejich spolehlivost\u00ed? To v\u0161e a mnohem v\u00edc se dozv\u00edte v na\u0161em \u010dl\u00e1nku! Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 doba elektrick\u00e1. Elektromobily se ji\u017e brzy nejsp\u00ed\u0161 stanou b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161ich ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u017eivot\u016f. Jejich fungov\u00e1n\u00ed ale pro velkou \u010d\u00e1st \u0159idi\u010d\u016f st\u00e1le obest\u00edr\u00e1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15427,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[69,65],"tags":[585,82,462,552,3129,1159,692,2613,3130,3117,3131,434,19],"class_list":["post-15426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-auto-moto","category-technika","tag-auta","tag-auto","tag-auto-moto","tag-automobily","tag-elektricky-motor","tag-elektromobil","tag-elektromobilita","tag-elektromobily","tag-elektromotor","tag-motor","tag-otazky-a-odpovedi","tag-technika","tag-technologie"],"yoast_head":"\nJak funguje elektrick\u00fd motor? 10 ot\u00e1zek a odpov\u011bd\u00ed - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Na jak\u00e9m principu vlastn\u011b elektromobily funguj\u00ed? 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