{"id":15670,"date":"2026-02-22T17:00:22","date_gmt":"2026-02-22T16:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=15670"},"modified":"2026-02-22T17:13:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-22T16:13:20","slug":"ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant-gladiatorske-zapasy-ve-starovekem-rime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant-gladiatorske-zapasy-ve-starovekem-rime\/","title":{"rendered":"Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant! Gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy se vepsaly do d\u011bjin p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svou krutost\u00ed. Vznikly v \u0158\u00edm\u011b v obdob\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozmachu \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a rozma\u0159ilosti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e postupn\u011b sm\u011b\u0159ovala ke sv\u00e9mu z\u00e1niku.<\/strong><\/p>
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A\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee tradici t\u011bchto z\u00e1pas\u016f p\u0159evzali \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 od Etrusk\u016f. Dnes ji\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159evzet\u00ed zvyku \u0159eck\u00fdch poh\u0159ebn\u00edch slavnost\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s ob\u011b\u0165mi. Nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy pak tak\u00e9 byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ob\u0159ad\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly mrtv\u00fdm usnadnit p\u0159echod ze sv\u011bta \u017eiv\u00fdch do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 uk\u00e1zat bohatstv\u00ed a moc rodiny, kter\u00e1 poh\u0159eb pro sv\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1dala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00edm smyslem po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed souboj\u016f v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u011b byla snaha ilustrovat ctnosti, kter\u00e9 \u0158\u00edm u\u010dinily velk\u00fdm a jak\u00e9 zem\u0159el\u00ed za \u017eivota projevovali, tedy odvahu, s\u00edlu a udatnost.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

V dob\u00e1ch republiky aristokracie vynakl\u00e1dala na poh\u0159ebn\u00ed ob\u0159ady st\u00e1le v\u00edce pen\u011bz, zp\u0159\u00edstupnila je ve\u0159ejnosti a jejich pr\u016fb\u011bh vyu\u017e\u00edvala ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed presti\u017ee a obl\u00edbenosti u lidu. Pozd\u011bji organizaci t\u011bchto her p\u0159evzal st\u00e1t.<\/p>
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Od roku 42 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem se staly z\u00e1pasy gladi\u00e1tor\u016f sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch her, kter\u00e9 trvaly i n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed a m\u011bly sv\u016fj p\u0159esn\u00fd harmonogram. Dopoledne byly na programu z\u00e1pasy divok\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad medv\u011bd s b\u00fdkem. Pak p\u0159edstaven\u00ed s cvi\u010den\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty a na z\u00e1v\u011br souboj \u010dlov\u011bka se zv\u00ed\u0159etem. V poledne byly na \u0159ad\u011b popravy zlo\u010dinc\u016f a uprchl\u00fdch otrok\u016f, prolo\u017een\u00e9 atletick\u00fdmi z\u00e1vody nebo komick\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly.<\/p>
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Odpoledne nade\u0161el vrchol cel\u00fdch her \u2013 gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy. P\u0159i gladi\u00e1torsk\u00fdch z\u00e1pasech doch\u00e1zelo nav\u00edc k jedn\u00e9 mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situaci, kdy se vl\u00e1dce, tedy c\u00edsa\u0159, obracel k div\u00e1k\u016fm a umo\u017enil tak\u00e9 jim na malou chv\u00edli rozhodovat o \u017eivot\u011b a smrti. Stalo se tak ve chv\u00edli, kdy byl jeden z gladi\u00e1tor\u016f pora\u017een, ale z\u016fstal na \u017eivu. O jeho dal\u0161\u00edm osudu pak rozhodlo publikum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch vzniku t\u011bchto her se gladi\u00e1to\u0159i rekrutovali z \u0159ad otrok\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b t\u011bch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli praxi v souboj\u00edch. D\u00e1le to byli trestanci \u2013 t\u011b\u017ec\u00ed zlo\u010dinci a pachatel\u00e9 proh\u0159e\u0161k\u016f v\u016f\u010di st\u00e1tu. Ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 mnoz\u00ed svobodn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 se zav\u00e1zali k boji v ar\u00e9n\u011b a vznikli tak gladi\u00e1to\u0159i z povol\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e1kala je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vidina finan\u010dn\u00edho zisku. Gladi\u00e1to\u0159i byli v\u011bt\u0161inou otroky a zlo\u010dinci odsouzen\u00fdmi k smrti, ale tak\u00e9 nositeli \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch ctnost\u00ed \u2013 odvahy a s\u00edly. D\u00edky sv\u00fdm vytr\u00e9novan\u00fdm t\u011bl\u016fm byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za vzory mu\u017enosti a sv\u016fdce \u017een a mnoz\u00ed z nich si pro boj v ar\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b zvolili \u201eerotizuj\u00edc\u00ed jm\u00e9na\u201c, nap\u0159\u00edklad Eros nebo Narcissus.<\/p>
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Zdr\u00e1v bu\u010f, Caesare, jdouc\u00ed na smrt T\u011b zdrav\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina gladi\u00e1tor\u016f musela proj\u00edt p\u0159\u00edpravou na z\u00e1pas v ar\u00e9n\u011b \u2013 gladi\u00e1torskou \u0161kolou. V\u011bt\u0161ina gladi\u00e1torsk\u00fdch \u0161kol byla v rukou soukrom\u00fdch majitel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161kolu vedli a z\u00e1rove\u0148 gladi\u00e1tory kupovali, prod\u00e1vali a pronaj\u00edmali. Ten, kdo p\u0159i\u0161el do gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 \u0161koly (a\u0165 u\u017e k tomu byl odsouzen\u00fd nebo vstoupil dobrovoln\u011b), stal se \u010dlenem \u201efamilia gladiatoria\u201c a t\u00edm se \u0161kole pln\u011b pod\u0159\u00eddil. Majitel \u0161koly ur\u010doval, kdo bude tr\u00e9novat s jakou zbran\u00ed a pak jednotliv\u00e9 nov\u00e1\u010dky p\u0159id\u011blil speci\u00e1ln\u00edm tren\u00e9r\u016fm, co\u017e byli v\u011bt\u0161inou star\u0161\u00ed gladi\u00e1to\u0159i. Kdo p\u0159e\u017eil prvn\u00ed z\u00e1pas, sm\u011bl si \u0159\u00edkat \u201eveteranus\u201c. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed bojovn\u00edci dostali titul \u201eprimus palus\u201c. Majitel \u0161koly se o sv\u00e9 gladi\u00e1tory staral, jeliko\u017e pro n\u011bj byli zdrojem p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f.<\/p>
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Spartakus: Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed gladi\u00e1tor a rebel starov\u011bku<\/a><\/h4>
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Ve 3. a 2. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem byli gladi\u00e1to\u0159i vyzbrojeni jen kop\u00edm a o\u0161t\u011bpem a chr\u00e1nili se velk\u00fdm kulat\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem a bronzovou p\u0159\u00edlbic\u00ed. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem se mno\u017estv\u00ed zbran\u00ed, \u0161t\u00edt\u016f a p\u0159\u00edlbic roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo. Jednotliv\u00e9 typy gladi\u00e1tor\u016f pak byly naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny podle druhu zbran\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bojovn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvali. V\u011bt\u0161ina gladi\u00e1tor\u016f se specializovala na jednu zbra\u0148. Bylo tak\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010deno, kter\u00e1 zbra\u0148 m\u00e1 bojovat proti jin\u00e9 zbrani. Souboj mohl pro gladi\u00e1tora skon\u010dit p\u011bti zp\u016fsoby: gladi\u00e1tor vyhr\u00e1l z\u00e1pas a p\u0159e\u017eil, byl zabit, byl pora\u017een a p\u0159e\u017eil \u2013 n\u00e1sledn\u011b byl pak davem a po\u0159adatelem odsouzen k smrti, prohr\u00e1l a dostal milost a souboj dopadl nerozhodn\u011b.<\/p>
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Palec nahoru, nebo palec dolu? Smrt, \u010di \u017eivot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bojovn\u00edk vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed do ar\u00e9ny m\u011bl 10% \u0161anci, \u017ee zem\u0159e v boji. Pravd\u011bpodobnost p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed postupem \u010dasu klesala, hry byly st\u00e1le nemilosrdn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a ve 3. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu se pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 \u0161ance na \u00famrt\u00ed v boji zv\u00fd\u0161ila na 25 %. V sam\u00e9m z\u00e1v\u011bru historie z\u00e1pas\u016f, v p\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, u\u017e to bylo dokonce 50 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina gladi\u00e1tor\u016f um\u00edrala mezi dvac\u00e1t\u00fdm a t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdm rokem v\u011bku, kdy m\u011bli za sebou n\u011bco mezi p\u011bti a\u017e \u010dty\u0159iat\u0159iceti z\u00e1pasy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Existovaly samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i v\u00fdjimky. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed gladi\u00e1to\u0159i zem\u0159eli u\u017e p\u0159i sv\u00e9m prvn\u00edm souboji a jin\u00ed zase naopak bojovali je\u0161t\u011b dlouho po \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00e9m roku sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Jen m\u00e1lokter\u00fd z gladi\u00e1tor\u016f se do\u017eil toho, \u017ee se bu\u010f vykoupil, nebo byl propu\u0161t\u011bn a mohl pak \u017e\u00edt jako svobodn\u00fd ob\u010dan. Dne\u0161n\u00ed obecn\u00e1 p\u0159edstava je, \u017ee gladi\u00e1to\u0159i bojovali v\u017edy a\u017e do \u00fapln\u00e9 smrti. To ale platilo pouze v sam\u00fdch po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch z\u00e1pas\u016f, kdy proti sob\u011b bojovali jen zlo\u010dinci. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob\u00e1ch, kdy boj prob\u00edhal ve specializovan\u00fdch ar\u00e9n\u00e1ch, tomu tak u\u017e nebylo. Vycvi\u010dit \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9ho gladi\u00e1tora toti\u017e bylo nesm\u00edrn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a lid\u00e9 si jednotliv\u00e9 gladi\u00e1tory obl\u00edbili, dokonce na n\u011b s\u00e1zeli.<\/p>
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Bitevn\u00ed v\u0159ava gladi\u00e1tor\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Za nejv\u00fdpravn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e1 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme jednozna\u010dn\u011b pova\u017eovat rekonstrukce n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch bitev, tzv. naumachie. \u0160lo o upravenou ar\u00e9nu nebo za t\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem zbudovanou obrovskou n\u00e1dr\u017e. Naumachie p\u0159edstavovaly div\u00e1cky mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vd\u011b\u010dn\u00fd, av\u0161ak organiza\u010dn\u011b i finan\u010dn\u011b nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druh her, jak\u00e9 bylo mo\u017eno ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b spat\u0159it. Um\u011bl\u00e9 jezero muselo b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b hlubok\u00e9, aby se na hladin\u011b mohla odehr\u00e1t inscenovan\u00e1 bitva v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch lod\u00ed.<\/p>
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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

T\u0159i nej\u0161\u00edlen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159i: Krut\u00fd Tiberius, psychopat Caligula a pomaten\u00fd Nero<\/a><\/h4>
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Traduje se, \u017ee gladi\u00e1to\u0159i po vstupu do ar\u00e9ny zdravili c\u00edsa\u0159e slovy: Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant! \u2013 Zdr\u00e1v bu\u010f, Caesare, jdouc\u00ed na smrt T\u011b zdrav\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti se tak stalo jen jednou a ani se nejednalo o prav\u00e9 gladi\u00e1tory. Bojovat mezi sebou m\u011bla skupina zlo\u010dinc\u016f pro pobaven\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159e Claudia, oni ale necht\u011bli, a tak c\u00edsa\u0159e pozdravili. Ten sv\u00fdm str\u00e1\u017e\u00edm p\u0159ik\u00e1zal, aby zlo\u010dince up\u00e1lili a ti se tak rad\u011bji pustili do boje. Souboj se c\u00edsa\u0159i natolik zal\u00edbil, \u017ee nakonec posledn\u00edmu p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edmu daroval svobodu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy se vepsaly do d\u011bjin p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svou krutost\u00ed. Vznikly v \u0158\u00edm\u011b v obdob\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozmachu \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a rozma\u0159ilosti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e postupn\u011b sm\u011b\u0159ovala ke sv\u00e9mu z\u00e1niku. A\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee tradici t\u011bchto z\u00e1pas\u016f p\u0159evzali \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 od Etrusk\u016f. Dnes ji\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159evzet\u00ed zvyku \u0159eck\u00fdch poh\u0159ebn\u00edch slavnost\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15671,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[116,499,2862,3157,3159,87,475,1736,477,3158],"class_list":["post-15670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-boj","tag-bojovnici","tag-dejiny","tag-gladiatori","tag-gladiatorske-zapasy","tag-historie","tag-rim","tag-rimska-rise","tag-starovek","tag-zapasy"],"yoast_head":"\nAve Caesar, morituri te salutant! Gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gladi\u00e1torsk\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy se vepsaly do d\u011bjin p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svou krutost\u00ed. Vznikly v \u0158\u00edm\u011b v obdob\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozmachu \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a rozma\u0159ilosti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e postupn\u011b sm\u011b\u0159ovala ke sv\u00e9mu z\u00e1niku.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant-gladiatorske-zapasy-ve-starovekem-rime\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant! 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