{"id":15701,"date":"2020-03-15T05:00:42","date_gmt":"2020-03-15T04:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=15701"},"modified":"2020-03-11T13:12:12","modified_gmt":"2020-03-11T12:12:12","slug":"nacisticka-zverstva-v-koncentracnich-taborech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/nacisticka-zverstva-v-koncentracnich-taborech\/","title":{"rendered":"Tov\u00e1rny na smrt: Nacistick\u00e1 zv\u011brstva v polsk\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch a vyhlazovac\u00edch t\u00e1borech"},"content":{"rendered":"

Holocaust je dodnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed trag\u00e9dii v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva. Ozna\u010duje zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u0161esti mili\u00f3n\u016f \u017did\u016f nacisty a jejich spolupachateli. V dob\u011b od napaden\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu N\u011bmeckem v l\u00e9t\u011b 1941 do konce v\u00e1lky v Evrop\u011b v kv\u011btnu 1945 nacist\u00e9 a jejich spolupachatel\u00e9 usilovali o zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u017dida, kter\u00fd \u017eil na \u00fazem\u00ed pod jejich nadvl\u00e1dou.<\/strong><\/p>
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Diskriminace \u017did\u016f za\u010dala v\u0161ak ji\u017e s Hitlerov\u00fdm n\u00e1stupem k moci v lednu 1933, a proto mnoho historik\u016f pova\u017euje pr\u00e1v\u011b tuto ud\u00e1lost za za\u010d\u00e1tek holocaustu. \u017did\u00e9 nebyli jedinou ob\u011bt\u00ed Hitlerova re\u017eimu, ale byli jedinou skupinou, kterou cht\u011bli nacist\u00e9 \u00fapln\u011b vyhladit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00da\u010dtovat se \u017didy za\u010dal Hitler u\u017e na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch sv\u00e9ho d\u00edla Mein Kamf a po jeho n\u00e1stupu k moci nabral proti\u017eidovsk\u00fd odpor daleko ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00edch forem.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Hitler prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho minstra propagandy Josepha Goebbelse<\/strong> zapo\u010dal brojit proti \u017did\u016fm, ozna\u010dil je za vin\u00edky n\u011bmeck\u00e9 prohry v prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu v\u0161eho zla. Pomoc\u00ed konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f \u201ekone\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky\u201c, kter\u00fdmi byli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Heinrich Himmler<\/strong>, Reinhard Heydrich<\/strong> a Adolf Eichmann<\/strong>, zapo\u010dalo pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed toho, jak s \u017didy nalo\u017eit.<\/p>
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Nejprve bylo nutn\u00e9 skupinu ozna\u010dit. \u017didy toti\u017e nepova\u017eoval za skupinu n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou, n\u00fdbr\u017e rasovou. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee za \u017didy byli ozna\u010den\u00ed i ti, kte\u0159\u00ed nepat\u0159ili k \u017eidovsk\u00e9 obci, ov\u0161em jejich rodi\u010de a prarodi\u010de se k n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed hl\u00e1sili. Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem bylo p\u0159ijet\u00ed proti\u017eidovsk\u00fdch diskrimina\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f. D\u00edky nim byli vy\u0159azeni ze spole\u010dnosti \u2013 nesm\u011bli nakupovat v \u00e1rijsk\u00fdch obchodech, jezdit hromadnou dopravou, chodit po chodn\u00edku a podobn\u011b. N\u00e1sledovala koncentrace na jedno m\u00edsto a pot\u00e9 deportace.<\/p>
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Prvn\u00ed koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor vznikl ji\u017e roku 1933 a naz\u00fdval se Dachau. Byl sb\u011brn\u00fdm m\u00edstem p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro politick\u00e9 v\u011bzn\u011b, odboj\u00e1\u0159e, homosexu\u00e1ly a n\u00e1bo\u017eensky nep\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00e9 (jehovisty). Tento t\u00e1bor nebyl vyhlazovac\u00ed, nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u00edky stra\u0161n\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m dosahovala i tak \u00famrtnost vysok\u00fdch hodnot. S nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edm po\u010dtem zat\u010den\u00fdch odp\u016frc\u016f re\u017eimu vznikaly v N\u011bmecku dal\u0161\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed t\u00e1bory podobn\u00e9ho charakteru. V\u011bzni byli tak\u00e9 \u017did\u00e9 a t\u00e1bory praskaly ve \u0161vech. Pomalu se schylovalo k dal\u0161\u00ed etap\u011b kone\u010dn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 celkov\u00e9 likvidaci \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od roku 1941 za\u010daly vznikat na \u00fazem\u00ed obsazen\u00e9ho Polska zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed t\u00e1bory v dokumentech ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako pracovn\u00ed. M\u011bly b\u00fdt kone\u010dnou stanic\u00ed \u017did\u016f z cel\u00e9 Evropy. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z nich se nal\u00e9zal v Malopolsk\u00e9m vojvodstv\u00ed p\u0159i \u00fast\u00ed \u0159eky Soly do \u0159eky Visly. N\u00e1zev dostal podle m\u011bste\u010dka rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho se opod\u00e1l \u2013 Osv\u011btim (n\u011bmecky Auschwitz).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Skl\u00e1dal se ze t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: Osv\u011btim I<\/strong>, \u010dili kmenov\u00fd t\u00e1bor vybudovan\u00fd z b\u00fdval\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch kas\u00e1ren, pr\u00e1v\u011b nad jeho branou je um\u00edst\u011bn cynick\u00fd n\u00e1pis \u201eArbeit macht frei\u201c (pr\u00e1ce osvobozuje), d\u00e1le vyhlazovac\u00ed t\u00e1bor Osv\u011btim II \u2013 B\u0159ezinka (Birkenau)<\/strong>, kde v plynov\u00fdch komor\u00e1ch zem\u0159elo v\u00edce ne\u017e mili\u00f3n \u017did\u016f a Osv\u011btim III \u2013 Buna<\/strong>, kde si n\u011bmeck\u00e1 firma I. G. Farben z\u0159\u00eddila tov\u00e1rnu na v\u00fdrobu syntetick\u00e9ho kau\u010duku.<\/p>
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Prvn\u00ed transporty za\u010daly do Osv\u011btimi p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt ji\u017e roku 1941, ale hromadn\u00e9 vyhlazov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo realizov\u00e1no a\u017e o rok pozd\u011bji, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e hlavn\u00edm m\u00edstem likvidace evropsk\u00fdch \u017did\u016f byla Osv\u011btim \u2013 B\u0159ezinka. Zde byly postupn\u011b vybudov\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i komplexy obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed plynovou komoru a krematorium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obrovsk\u00e9 kom\u00edny krematori\u00ed cel\u00e9 noci chrlily popel sv\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed a pam\u011btn\u00edci vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee to byl hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00fd pohled a z\u00e1pach, jen\u017e se linul po okol\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Od p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f je zn\u00e1m cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m nacistick\u00e9ho vyhlazov\u00e1n\u00ed. Po p\u0159\u00edjezdu transportu byli lid\u00e9 vyhn\u00e1ni z dobyt\u010d\u00edch vag\u00f3n\u016f za asistence dozorc\u016f SS a okam\u017eit\u011b byli odd\u011bleni mu\u017ei od \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed. Ihned po p\u0159\u00edchodu t\u00e1borov\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f n\u00e1sledovala selekce \u2013 odd\u011blen\u00ed pr\u00e1ceschopn\u00fdch jedinc\u016f od ostatn\u00edch. L\u00e9ka\u0159i pokl\u00e1dali p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edm t\u0159i ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 v podstat\u011b rozhodovaly o \u017eivot\u011b a smrti: V\u011bk, povol\u00e1n\u00ed a zdravotn\u00ed stav. V t\u00e1bo\u0159e toti\u017e nebyli pot\u0159ebn\u00ed lid\u00e9 star\u0161\u00ed 45 let, lid\u00e9 se zdravotn\u00edm handicapem, d\u011bti a t\u011bhotn\u00e9 \u017eeny. V\u0161ichni takto nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed byli pos\u00edl\u00e1ni doleva. Jedinci uzn\u00e1ni za zdrav\u00e9 a siln\u00e9 se m\u011bli \u0159adit doprava.<\/p>
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Tragick\u00fd osud Terez\u00ednsk\u00e9ho rodinn\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora: Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hromadn\u00e1 vra\u017eda \u010cech\u016f v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch<\/a><\/h4>
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Mezi lidmi nevl\u00e1dla panika, nebo\u0165 byli p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee byli do t\u00e1bora dopraveni na pr\u00e1ci a eses\u00e1ci je v tom utvrzovali. Psychologicky zvl\u00e1dnut\u00fd dav byla jedin\u00e1 z\u00e1ruka \u00fasp\u011bchu cel\u00e9 akce. N\u011bmci si dob\u0159e uv\u011bdomovali, \u017ee ani s pomoc\u00ed zbran\u00ed by nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout po\u010detnou skupinu, kter\u00e1 si je v\u011bdoma toho, \u017ee jde na smrt.<\/p>
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Po selekci p\u0159ijela n\u00e1kladn\u00ed auta, na jejich\u017e korby nastupovali v\u0161ichni, kter\u00fdm bylo ur\u010deno stoupnout si doleva. I tehdy divadlo pokra\u010dovalo \u2013 eses\u00e1ci pom\u00e1hali starc\u016fm nastoupit a uji\u0161\u0165ovali v\u0161echny, \u017ee te\u010f se jedou vykoupat a odv\u0161ivit a pot\u00e9 je bude \u010dekat tepl\u00fd \u010daj a pe\u010divo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lid\u00e9 ochotn\u011b a spo\u0159\u00e1dan\u011b nastupovali a mnoz\u00ed se ji\u017e t\u011b\u0161ili na ob\u010derstven\u00ed, jeliko\u017e byli hladov\u00ed po cest\u011b. N\u00e1kladn\u00ed auta s \u017eiv\u00fdm n\u00e1kladem pak zam\u00ed\u0159ila do zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e1bora, odkud mezi stromy \u010dn\u011bl obrovsk\u00fd kom\u00edn.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Za kolonou aut vyrazila sanitka ozna\u010den\u00e1 \u010derven\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali na ramp\u011b, se pak myln\u011b domn\u00edvali, \u017ee veze zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017ebu k o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed transportovan\u00fdch. Ve skute\u010dnosti vezla sanita nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1klad \u2013 plechovky s cykl\u00f3nem B.<\/p>
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Po p\u0159\u00edjezdu do zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e1bora vstoupila skupina do velk\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti v p\u0159\u00edzem\u00ed budovy, kter\u00e1 byla vybavena jako \u0161atna a v jej\u00ed zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti byli dve\u0159e s mal\u00fdm ok\u00fdnkem ve v\u00fd\u0161ce o\u010d\u00ed \u2013 plynov\u00e1 komora, vyd\u00e1van\u00e1 za sprchy. Byly tam lavice a h\u00e1\u010dky na oble\u010den\u00ed. Lid\u00e9 byli vyz\u00fdv\u00e1ni, aby si odlo\u017eili oble\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>
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I zde psychologick\u00e1 hra pokra\u010dovala \u2013 N\u011bmci na n\u011b apelovali, a\u0165 si zapamatuj\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla h\u00e1\u010dk\u016f a sv\u00e1\u017eou boty k sob\u011b, a\u0165 po p\u0159\u00edchodu ze sprch nezavl\u00e1dne chaos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee \u017did\u00e9, neuv\u011bdomuj\u00edc\u00ed si smrteln\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, \u0161li do komory poklidn\u011b a mnohdy zazn\u00edvaly hlasy s v\u00fdzvou ke sp\u011bchu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Pot\u00e9, co dve\u0159e zapadly, \u010dekali lid\u00e9, nama\u010dkan\u00ed jeden na druh\u00e9ho, na proudy vody \u2013 marn\u011b. Mezit\u00edm vy\u0161plhal eses\u00e1k na st\u0159echu budovy a vhodil otvorem do m\u00edstnosti otev\u0159enou plechovku granul\u00ed cykl\u00f3nu B. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika vte\u0159in vypukla panika. Lid\u00e9 se za\u010dali dusit a za srdceryvn\u00e9ho k\u0159iku p\u0159epad\u00e1vali jeden p\u0159es druh\u00e9ho. Po 20 minut\u00e1ch bylo po v\u0161em a byl sly\u0161et jen vzduch ventil\u00e1tor\u016f a hrobov\u00e9 ticho. Po otev\u0159en\u00ed dve\u0159\u00ed se naskytl ot\u0159esn\u00fd pohled na hromady mrtvol.<\/p>
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P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho komanda transportovali mrtv\u00e9 do krematori\u00ed, kde nejprve nastoupili dentist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli za \u00fakol zjistit, zda se v \u00fastech mrtv\u00e9ho nenal\u00e9zaj\u00ed zlat\u00e9 zuby. Pokud ano, m\u011bli za \u00fakol je vtrhnout (toto zubn\u00ed zlato bylo pot\u00e9 p\u0159etaveno do cihli\u010dek a ulo\u017eeno ve \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch bank\u00e1ch). Pot\u00e9 byla t\u011bla zbavena vlas\u016f (pou\u017e\u00edvaly se jako t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed do bomb nebo se z nich tkaly p\u0159edlo\u017eky) a po t\u0159ech p\u00e1lena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Popel byl vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako hnojivo, ale proto\u017ee ho bylo ohromn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, byl pozd\u011bji vyhazov\u00e1n do \u0159ek Soly a Visly.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee kapacita plynov\u00fdch komor nedosta\u010dovala, byly za budovami krematori\u00ed vyhloubeny j\u00e1my, ve kter\u00fdch byly um\u00edst\u011bny ro\u0161ty. Mrtv\u00ed pak byli p\u00e1leni p\u0159\u00edmo v t\u011bchto j\u00e1m\u00e1ch. Jejich tuk se pak sb\u00edral a vyr\u00e1b\u011blo se z n\u011bj m\u00fddlo. Ukrutnost tohohle syst\u00e9mu neznala mez\u00ed \u2013 z mrtv\u00fdch bylo zu\u017eitkov\u00e1no v\u0161e, co bylo mo\u017en\u00e9. Jejich oble\u010den\u00ed, boty a osobn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty byly exportov\u00e1ny do \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, kde byly d\u00e1ny n\u011bmeck\u00fdm rodin\u00e1m. Ty pak d\u011bkovali v\u016fdci za to, \u017ee se o sv\u016fj n\u00e1rod v dob\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho nedostatku tak skv\u011ble star\u00e1.<\/p>
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Jak by vypadal sv\u011bt, kdyby nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko vyhr\u00e1lo druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lku?<\/a><\/h4>
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Osud zdrav\u00fdch a siln\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f i \u017een, kter\u00fdm byl na ramp\u011b prozat\u00edm darov\u00e1n \u017eivot, nebyl o nic p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V podstat\u011b byli odsouzeni k \u201elikvidaci prac\u00ed\u201c. N\u011bmci m\u011bli spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no, \u017ee v\u011bze\u0148 koncentra\u010dn\u00edho t\u00e1bora, p\u0159i mno\u017estv\u00ed j\u00eddla, kter\u00e9 je mu denn\u011b pod\u00e1no (kraj\u00edc chleba a p\u016fl litru n\u00e1hra\u017ekov\u00e9 k\u00e1vy, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u016fl litru pol\u00e9vky z nahnil\u00e9 zeleniny) a pr\u00e1ci, kterou je nucen vykonat (nap\u0159. t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce na stavb\u011b silnic, pr\u00e1ce v tov\u00e1rn\u011b I. G. Farben), vydr\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 3 m\u011bs\u00edce. Tato ukrutn\u00e1 rovnice bohu\u017eel platila v\u011bt\u0161inou bezv\u00fdhradn\u011b.<\/p>
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Polsk\u00e9 vyhlazovac\u00ed t\u00e1bory jako Osv\u011btim, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek, Chmelno a Belzec zt\u011bles\u0148ovaly bez nads\u00e1zky peklo na zemi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Holocaust je dodnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed trag\u00e9dii v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva. Ozna\u010duje zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u0161esti mili\u00f3n\u016f \u017did\u016f nacisty a jejich spolupachateli. V dob\u011b od napaden\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu N\u011bmeckem v l\u00e9t\u011b 1941 do konce v\u00e1lky v Evrop\u011b v kv\u011btnu 1945 nacist\u00e9 a jejich spolupachatel\u00e9 usilovali o zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u017dida, kter\u00fd \u017eil na \u00fazem\u00ed pod jejich nadvl\u00e1dou. Diskriminace […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[2862,1154,87,2938,1550,1556,3161,356,3069,119,3160,2624,1881,2620],"class_list":["post-15701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-dejiny","tag-druha-svetova-valka","tag-historie","tag-holocaust","tag-koncentracni-tabory","tag-nacismus","tag-naciste","tag-nemci","tag-polsko","tag-valka","tag-vyhlazovaci-tabory","tag-vyvrazdovani","tag-zide","tag-zverstva"],"yoast_head":"\nTov\u00e1rny na smrt: Nacistick\u00e1 zv\u011brstva v polsk\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch a vyhlazovac\u00edch t\u00e1borech - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Holocaust je dodnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed trag\u00e9dii v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva. Ozna\u010duje zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u0161esti mili\u00f3n\u016f \u017did\u016f nacisty a jejich spolupachateli. V dob\u011b od napaden\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu N\u011bmeckem v l\u00e9t\u011b 1941 do konce v\u00e1lky v Evrop\u011b v kv\u011btnu 1945 nacist\u00e9 a jejich spolupachatel\u00e9 usilovali o zavra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u017dida, kter\u00fd \u017eil na \u00fazem\u00ed pod jejich nadvl\u00e1dou.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/nacisticka-zverstva-v-koncentracnich-taborech\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tov\u00e1rny na smrt: Nacistick\u00e1 zv\u011brstva v polsk\u00fdch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch a vyhlazovac\u00edch t\u00e1borech - Mzone\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Holocaust je dodnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed trag\u00e9dii v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva. 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