{"id":32784,"date":"2021-06-17T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T03:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=32784"},"modified":"2021-06-15T09:55:19","modified_gmt":"2021-06-15T07:55:19","slug":"zrcadla-k-cemu-vsemu-se-pouzivaji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/zrcadla-k-cemu-vsemu-se-pouzivaji\/","title":{"rendered":"Zrcadla, jak je nezn\u00e1me: K \u010demu v\u0161emu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zrcadla nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd novodob\u00fd objev, reflexn\u00ed povrch zrcadla za pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dir\u00e9ho skla s nanesen\u00edm tenk\u00e9 vrstvy kovov\u00e9ho st\u0159\u00edbra objevil u\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ed 200 lety chemik Justus von Liebig. Av\u0161ak p\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy zrcadel sahaj\u00ed do historie je\u0161t\u011b mnohem d\u00e1l. Dnes u\u017e zrcadla zdaleka neslou\u017e\u00ed pouze k odrazu na\u0161eho vzhledu nebo jako dekorace, ale jsou nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0159ady p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f i v\u00fdrobk\u016f. Kde v\u0161ude se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>
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Prvn\u00ed druhy zrcadel se objevily v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch ji\u017e v roce 1300 a od 16. stolet\u00ed se zde vyr\u00e1b\u011bly ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed. P\u016fvodn\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvala na zadn\u00ed st\u011bnu skla slou\u010denina rtuti a c\u00ednu. Pou\u017eit\u00ed roztoku st\u0159\u00edbra na \u010dir\u00e9 sklo objevil a\u017e o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji v roce 1835 n\u011bmeck\u00fd chemik Justus von Liebig. Tento princip, kdy se na \u010dir\u00e9 sklo nan\u00e1\u0161\u00ed tenk\u00e1 leskl\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 vrstva, je zachov\u00e1n dodnes.<\/p>
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Klasick\u00e1 interi\u00e9rov\u00e1 zrcadla<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Zrcadlo<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm zrcadel je jejich schopnost odr\u00e1\u017eet obraz. Proto jsou velmi vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na v interi\u00e9ru, kde slou\u017e\u00ed nejen k odrazu na\u0161eho vzhledu, ale tak\u00e9 k odrazu samotn\u00fdch prostor, \u010d\u00edm\u017e m\u00edstnosti opticky zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00ed nebo prosv\u011btluj\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00edm interi\u00e9rov\u00fdch zrcadel je tak\u00e9 dekorativn\u00ed funkce. \u201eMo\u017enosti proveden\u00ed zrcadel jsou dnes prakticky neomezen\u00e9, lze je vyrobit v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tvarech i velikostech. \u010casto jsou dopln\u011bna i o dal\u0161\u00ed prvky jako je sv\u011btlo nebo chytr\u00e9 funkce, kdy zrcadla stisknut\u00edm senzorov\u00fdch tla\u010d\u00edtek nap\u0159\u00edklad zobraz\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed \u010di spust\u00ed hudbu a podobn\u011b. Tak\u00e9 samotn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba zrcadel se posunula, tak\u017ee jejich funk\u010dnost a vzhled je trvalej\u0161\u00ed a odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e tomu b\u00fdvalo d\u0159\u00edve. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je lze doplnit o bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed prvky jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017eit\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed folie, kter\u00e1 zabr\u00e1n\u00ed vysyp\u00e1n\u00ed skla v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rozbit\u00ed,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Lucie Hronov\u00e1 ze spole\u010dnosti Amirro.<\/p>
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Zrcadla vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i fotoapar\u00e1ty, tzv. zrcadlovky<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Zrcadlovka\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fotoapar\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako zrcadlovky, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k zobrazen\u00ed obrazu, jak jejich n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, pr\u00e1v\u011b zrcadla. Narozd\u00edl od kompaktn\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 sc\u00e9nu zobrazuj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edm pr\u016fzorem nebo elektronicky. U tzv. jednook\u00e9 zrcadlovky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zrcadla vid\u011bt skrz objektiv, kdy\u017e se d\u00edv\u00e1te do hled\u00e1\u010dku, ale tak\u00e9 po\u0159\u00eddit sn\u00edmek, kdy se zrcadla sklop\u00ed a sv\u011btlo tak osv\u00edt\u00ed sv\u011btlocitlivou vrstvu filmu. Na podobn\u00e9m principu fungovaly tak\u00e9 dvouok\u00e9 zrcadlovky, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly objektivy dva, jeden slou\u017eil k zobrazen\u00ed a druh\u00fd k expozici, tento syst\u00e9m se ale dnes ji\u017e nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a byl nahrazen fotoapar\u00e1ty s klasick\u00fdm hled\u00e1\u010dkem, nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi fotoapar\u00e1ty.<\/p>
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Reflexn\u00ed zrcadla jako sou\u010d\u00e1st sv\u011btlovod\u016f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Sv\u011btlovody\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem, kde zrcadla hraj\u00ed velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli, jsou sv\u011btlovody. \u201ePrincip sv\u011btlovod\u016f funguje tak, \u017ee denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo na st\u0159e\u0161e, fas\u00e1d\u011b, terase nebo t\u0159eba na chodn\u00edku \u010di zelen\u00e9 st\u0159e\u0161e sb\u00edraj\u00ed skrze st\u0159e\u0161n\u00ed sklen\u011bnou kopuli, odkud je sv\u011btlo vedeno do interi\u00e9ru speci\u00e1ln\u00edm vysoce reflexn\u00edm tubusem. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed st\u011bny tohoto tubusu tvo\u0159\u00ed vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 zrcadla s maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed odrazivost\u00ed. Reflexn\u00ed vrstva uvnit\u0159 je tvo\u0159ena u kvalitn\u00edch sv\u011btlovod\u016f z prav\u00e9ho st\u0159\u00edbra a oxid\u016f k\u0159em\u00edku, kter\u00e9 jsou nanesen\u00e9 chemick\u00fdm napa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm ve vakuu. Vrstva nesm\u00ed praskat, odlupovat se nebo b\u00fdt n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 na zm\u011bny teplot a vlhkosti. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 obrovsk\u00e9 odrazivosti pak dok\u00e1\u017ee tubus p\u0159iv\u00e9st denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo a\u017e na vzd\u00e1lenost 50 m od kopule. Tubus pak vy\u00fas\u0165uje na strop\u011b nebo st\u011bn\u011b m\u00edstnosti, kterou pot\u0159ebujete prosv\u011btlit. Zde je opat\u0159en sklen\u011bn\u00fdm rozptylova\u010dem sv\u011btla (difuz\u00e9rem), kter\u00fd sv\u011btlo rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozptyluje do prostoru tak, aby neosl\u0148ovalo,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Jakub Brandal\u00edk ze spole\u010dnosti Lightway.<\/p>
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D\u00edky zrcadl\u016fm zn\u00e1me p\u0159esnou vzd\u00e1lenost M\u011bs\u00edce<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"M\u011bs\u00edc\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

M\u011bs\u00edc je od Zem\u011b vzd\u00e1len v pr\u016fm\u011bru asi 384 403 kilometr\u016f a tuto vzd\u00e1lenost zn\u00e1me d\u00edky zrcadl\u016fm. Vzd\u00e1lenost k M\u011bs\u00edci se kv\u016fli jeho eliptick\u00e9 ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze kolem Zem\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed. Na jej\u00ed nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b je tak jen 363 104 kilometr\u016f daleko a na nejvzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je od Zem\u011b vzd\u00e1len 406 696 kilometr\u016f. Retroreflektor pro laserov\u00fd pohyb byl ponech\u00e1n na M\u011bs\u00edci astronauty Apolla a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vzd\u00e1lenosti od Zem\u011b k M\u011bs\u00edci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jde v podstat\u011b o \u0159adu reflektor\u016f rohov\u00fdch krychl\u00ed (co\u017e je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed typ zrcadla), kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed laserov\u00fd paprsek zp\u011bt ve sm\u011bru, ze kter\u00e9ho vych\u00e1zel. Tyto laserov\u00e9 paprsky jsou zam\u011b\u0159eny na M\u011bs\u00edc z velk\u00fdch dalekohled\u016f na Zemi a jejich odra\u017een\u00e9 sv\u011btlo umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011bdc\u016fm vypo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost k M\u011bs\u00edci s p\u0159esnost\u00ed a\u017e 3 centimetry.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Akustick\u00e1 zrcadla odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed zvuk<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Krom\u011b sv\u011btla zrcadla odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed tak\u00e9 zvuk. Zvukov\u00e9 vlny odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed takzvan\u00e1 \u201eakustick\u00e1 zrcadla\u201c. V Brit\u00e1nii byla nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ed vyn\u00e1lezem radaru b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na akustick\u00e1 zrcadla k detekci ur\u010dit\u00fdch zvukov\u00fdch vln p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch letadel. Jejich struktury m\u011bly tvar dne\u0161n\u00edch teleskop\u016f nebo satelit\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e1 z nich stoj\u00ed dodnes kolem pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Brit\u00e1nie \u2013 ty nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou v Denge, pobl\u00ed\u017e Dungeness, Kent. Jedno z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zvukov\u00fdch zrcadel mimo Brit\u00e1nii pak m\u011b\u0159\u00ed 61 metr\u016f a nach\u00e1z\u00ed se v Maghtab na Malt\u011b<\/a>. Je zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u201eil widna\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201eucho\u201c.<\/p>
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\"Vesm\u00edr\"<\/a><\/figure>
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10 v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s o vesm\u00edru ve \u0161kole neu\u010dili<\/a><\/h4>
\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zrcadla nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd novodob\u00fd objev, reflexn\u00ed povrch zrcadla za pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dir\u00e9ho skla s nanesen\u00edm tenk\u00e9 vrstvy kovov\u00e9ho st\u0159\u00edbra objevil u\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ed 200 lety chemik Justus von Liebig. Av\u0161ak p\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy zrcadel sahaj\u00ed do historie je\u0161t\u011b mnohem d\u00e1l. Dnes u\u017e zrcadla zdaleka neslou\u017e\u00ed pouze k odrazu na\u0161eho vzhledu nebo jako dekorace, ale jsou nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":32788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4328,29,25,65],"tags":[2379,203,460,17,490,434,1538,5081,5080],"class_list":["post-32784","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bydleni","category-lifestyle","category-style","category-technika","tag-bydleni","tag-fakta","tag-interier","tag-lifestyle","tag-style","tag-technika","tag-zajimavosti","tag-zrcadla","tag-zrcadlo"],"yoast_head":"\nZrcadla, jak je nezn\u00e1me: K \u010demu v\u0161emu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? - Mzone<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zrcadla nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd novodob\u00fd objev, reflexn\u00ed povrch zrcadla za pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dir\u00e9ho skla s nanesen\u00edm tenk\u00e9 vrstvy kovov\u00e9ho st\u0159\u00edbra objevil u\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ed 200 lety chemik Justus von Liebig.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/zrcadla-k-cemu-vsemu-se-pouzivaji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Zrcadla, jak je nezn\u00e1me: K \u010demu v\u0161emu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? 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