{"id":7827,"date":"2025-03-21T18:00:05","date_gmt":"2025-03-21T17:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=7827"},"modified":"2025-03-21T18:07:27","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T17:07:27","slug":"jak-vznikla-nejobavanejsi-organizace-na-svete-zacatky-mafie-byly-celkem-nevinne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/jak-vznikla-nejobavanejsi-organizace-na-svete-zacatky-mafie-byly-celkem-nevinne\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak vznikla nejob\u00e1van\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizace na sv\u011bt\u011b? Za\u010d\u00e1tky mafie byly celkem nevinn\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku byli p\u0159ed\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165ovali pr\u00e1ci na v\u00fdnosn\u00fdch sicilsk\u00fdch citronov\u00fdch plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edch. Postupn\u011b ve sv\u00fdch rukou shrom\u00e1\u017edili ob\u0159\u00ed moc, v\u010detn\u011b naj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch gang\u016f. Ano, podle p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 a relativn\u011b nov\u00e9 teorie vyrostla ob\u00e1van\u00e1 mafie kolem sicilsk\u00e9 produkce citron\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>
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Sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o zrodu mafie za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jedna z proponentek hypot\u00e9zy, spisovatelka Helena Attlee ve sv\u00e9 knize The Land Where Lemons Grow: The Story of Italy and Its Citrus Fruit na po\u010d\u00e1tku 11. stolet\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tehdy p\u0159ivezli arab\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9 na Sic\u00edlii prvn\u00ed odr\u016fdy citronovn\u00edk\u016f ze severu Afriky a za\u010dali s jejich p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00edm. Citron\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 praxe se tu dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i stolet\u00ed postupn\u011b zab\u00edhala, ale po konci arabsk\u00e9 okupace m\u00edstn\u00ed z\u00e1libu v kysel\u00fdch plodech nepoci\u0165ovali.<\/p>
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Neuv\u011bdomovali si jejich potenci\u00e1l, pova\u017eovali je sp\u00ed\u0161e za okrasnou z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Ostatn\u011b, na \u0161lechtick\u00fdch hostin\u00e1ch od Palerma po Kat\u00e1nii hr\u00e1ly citrony p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b dekora\u010dn\u00ed roli, nebo se vyu\u017e\u00edvalo osv\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed esence jejich vonn\u00e9 k\u016fry v kosmetice. Export do It\u00e1lie, kde se mimochodem jejich p\u011bst\u011bn\u00ed v\u016fbec neda\u0159ilo, byl minim\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u017dlut\u00e9 zlato je dar od Boha<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161e se zm\u011bnilo a\u017e v osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, kdy skotsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 v britsk\u00e9m n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvu James Lind definitivn\u011b potvrdil u\u017eite\u010dnost plod\u016f citronu jako prevence proti kurd\u011bj\u00edm. Pov\u011bdom\u00ed o existenci vitamin\u016f tehdy je\u0161t\u011b prakticky nebylo, ale v\u011bd\u011blo se, \u017ee vyma\u010dkan\u00e1 \u0161\u0165\u00e1va p\u016fsob\u00ed na kondici n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f zdeptan\u00e9 avitamin\u00f3zou p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1sledky byly jasn\u00e9 a rychl\u00e9. Prakticky p\u0159es noc se ze zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch sicilsk\u00fdch \u017elut\u00fdch kysel\u00fdch koul\u00ed stalo \u017elut\u00e9 zlato. Britsk\u00e1 flotila byla schopna skoupit prakticky celou ostrovn\u00ed produkci a platila zatracen\u011b dob\u0159e.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sicil\u0161t\u00ed \u0161lechtici r\u00e1zem rozpoznali p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost. Z izolovan\u00fdch okrasn\u00fdch ke\u0159\u016f v z\u00e1meck\u00fdch zahrad\u00e1ch se r\u00e1zem st\u00e1valy cel\u00e9 plant\u00e1\u017ee, vyn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed tis\u00edce galon\u016f citronov\u00e9 \u0161\u0165\u00e1vy ro\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n


\u0160lechta si ruce \u0161pinit nebude<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e1 \u201epevninsk\u00e1\u201c \u0161lechta by se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 r\u00e1da p\u0159idala, ale \u010dty\u0159i stolet\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed daly Sicilan\u016fm ohromn\u00fd n\u00e1skok. \u201eCitronovn\u00edky jsou ze v\u0161ech citrusov\u00fdch plod\u016f nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na p\u011bstebn\u00ed podm\u00ednky,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Atlee. \u201ePot\u0159ebuj\u00ed v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00fd a dob\u0159e prohnojen\u00fd substr\u00e1t, ochranu p\u0159ed v\u011btrem a extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi v\u00fdkyvy teplot, stabiln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsun vody. Ke\u0159e nav\u00edc plod\u00ed poprv\u00e9 po osmi letech.\u201c<\/p>
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To u\u017e m\u00edstn\u00ed dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u011bli. Sic\u00edlie tak paradoxn\u011b d\u00edky p\u0159edchoz\u00ed zku\u0161enosti s arabskou okupac\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161la k monopolu, kter\u00fd se jim te\u010f \u0161t\u011bd\u0159e vypl\u00e1cel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eCitrony se brzy staly nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed proviantu ka\u017ed\u00e9 lodi na dlouh\u00e9 plavb\u011b,\u201c dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Atlee. \u201eDo Ameriky jste prost\u011b v 18. stolet\u00ed nemohli plout bez po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby citr\u00f3n\u016f.\u201c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

O zd\u00e1rn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed, z\u00e1livky, sklizn\u011b, prodeje a naskladn\u011bn\u00ed se pochopiteln\u011b nestarala bohatnouc\u00ed sicilsk\u00e1 \u0161lechta osobn\u011b. Tuto \u010dinnost jim zaji\u0161\u0165ovala s\u00ed\u0165 prost\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f, p\u0159ed\u00e1k\u016f. \u0158\u00edkali si gabellotti a prozra\u010fme u\u017e nyn\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v jejich \u0159ad\u00e1ch je pr\u00fd t\u0159eba vid\u011bt z\u00e1rodek budouc\u00ed ob\u00e1van\u00e9 mafie.<\/p>
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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n


Z pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed feud\u00e1l\u016f naj\u00edmali vesni\u010dany k pr\u00e1ci, organizovali ji a odv\u00e1d\u011bli zisky. Nebo aspo\u0148 jejich \u010d\u00e1st. Postupem \u010dasu ve sv\u00fdch rukou tito prost\u0159edn\u00edci koncentrovali zna\u010dnou moc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Znel\u00edbit se jim znamenalo p\u0159ij\u00edt o mo\u017enost i minim\u00e1ln\u00edho sezonn\u00edho v\u00fdd\u011blku, a tak jim vesni\u010dan\u00e9 brzy podsouvali nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00faplatky, aby se na citronov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu \u0161lechty mohli v\u016fbec pod\u00edlet.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010d\u00ednaje rokem 1812 pak Sic\u00edlii zas\u00e1hne vlna povst\u00e1n\u00ed, ob\u010dansk\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed a revolt. V\u00fdsledky se na uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zdej\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti zd\u00e1nliv\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neodraz\u00ed. \u0160lechta, kter\u00e1 byla d\u00edlem stejn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1, proto\u017ee si u\u017e\u00edvala rozma\u0159il\u00fdch radov\u00e1nek kdesi v Neapoli, byla svr\u017eena. Na ostrov\u011b ji nahradili lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli po ruce hotov\u00e9 pen\u00edze a moc. Gabellotti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Kysel\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed a ost\u0159\u00ed ho\u0161i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V \u010dasech nepokoj\u016f znamenaly citrony bohatstv\u00ed, by\u0165 trochu nejist\u00e9. Sklidit plody va\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce mohl p\u0159es noc kdokoliv. A tak gabellotti d\u00e1vaj\u00ed dohromady prvn\u00ed t\u00fdmy n\u00e1mezdn\u00edch str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f. Ozbrojen\u00e9 gangy ofici\u00e1ln\u011b chr\u00e1n\u00ed sady, neofici\u00e1ln\u011b v\u0161ak t\u00e9\u017e utu\u017euj\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed presti\u017e novope\u010den\u00fdch v\u016fdc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd citronov\u00fd baron se brzy m\u016f\u017ee py\u0161nit n\u011bkolika tucty takov\u00fdch ostr\u00fdch hoch\u016f. Jejich mocensk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v\u0161ak po\u0159\u00e1d vych\u00e1z\u00ed z dost nepevn\u00fdch z\u00e1klad\u016f, co\u017e zm\u011bn\u00ed a\u017e ud\u00e1losti roku 1860. Tehdy se Sic\u00edlie stane sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed It\u00e1lie a dojde k \u201epozemkov\u00e9 reform\u011b\u201c.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sady, polnosti i pastviny, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly dote\u010f ve spr\u00e1v\u011b gabellotti supluj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dinnost \u0161lechty, jsou toti\u017e ofici\u00e1ln\u011b na prodej. A s t\u00edm i v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st p\u016fdy dosud spravovan\u00e9 c\u00edrkv\u00ed, nezabaven\u00e9 \u0161lecht\u011b, pota\u017emo st\u00e1tn\u00edch pozemk\u016f.<\/p>
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Pro prost\u00e9 obyvatele ostrova je to v\u00edc ne\u017e jen gesto \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a mo\u017enost sp\u00ed\u0161e symbolick\u00e1. Jak se d\u00e1 \u010dekat, p\u0159erozd\u011blen\u00ed a odprodej p\u016fdy v\u011bt\u0161inov\u011b zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed gabellotti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Citronov\u00ed baroni maj\u00ed moc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Proto\u017ee maj\u00ed z citronov\u00e9ho byznysu nast\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1no, automaticky skupuj\u00ed nejv\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed parcely. \u0160ance, \u017ee by vesni\u010dan nebo skupina zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f dali dohromady dost pen\u011bz na zakoupen\u00ed citronov\u00e9 oran\u017e\u00e9rie, je mal\u00e1. A ost\u0159\u00ed ho\u0161i pracuj\u00edc\u00ed pro gabellotty takovou mo\u017enost je\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b sni\u017euj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Region\u00e1ln\u00ed zem\u011bvl\u00e1dci se stali druhou, neofici\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dou Sic\u00edlie. Pokud p\u0159ece jen m\u00e1te citronov\u00fd sad, plat\u00edte jim za to, \u017ee v\u00e1s neokradou. Nepod\u0159\u00edd\u00edte se? Pro za\u010d\u00e1tek k v\u00e1m t\u0159eba m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159estat proudit voda na z\u00e1vlahu. Ale to je probl\u00e9m, s n\u00edm\u017e v\u00e1m citronov\u00ed baroni r\u00e1di n\u00e1sledn\u011b za protislu\u017ebu pomohou.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Od lok\u00e1ln\u00edch boss\u016f tak brzy odeb\u00edr\u00e1te vodu, pronaj\u00edm\u00e1te si jejich str\u00e1\u017ece, prod\u00e1v\u00e1te jim v\u00fdp\u011bstky. Sta\u010d\u00ed trocha zastra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u00e1di jim prod\u00e1te celou svou \u00farodu pod cenou, klidn\u011b i na n\u011bkolik let dop\u0159edu. Kdy\u017e jde o \u017eivot, nem\u00e1te moc na v\u00fdb\u011br.<\/p>
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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Al Capone (1899-1947) \u2013 mu\u017e, kter\u00fd p\u0159etvo\u0159il mafii k obrazu sv\u00e9mu<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n


\u201eKoalice mezi gabellotty, zlod\u011bji loup\u00edc\u00edmi v sadech a str\u00e1\u017eci sad\u016f umo\u017enila rozb\u011bhnout komplikovan\u00fd a prov\u00e1zan\u00fd syst\u00e9m korupce, vyd\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, zastra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1sil\u00ed,\u201c popisuje Arcangelo Dimico, ekonom univerzity v Belfastu. I on si pov\u0161iml, \u017ee sicilsk\u00e9 lokality, kter\u00e9 budou kolem roku 1900 vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 vysokou kriminalitou, se prakticky p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed s oblastmi p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed citrus\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Zrozen\u00ed mafie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201eKlima, kter\u00e9 po \u0161edes\u00e1t let panovalo na Sic\u00edlii, vytvo\u0159ilo p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Obchod s citrony poskytl impuls pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e1 se z\u00e1hy stane zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako mafie,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 ve shod\u011b s Atlee ekonom Dimico.<\/p>
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Jejich citronov\u00e1 teorie jist\u011b nen\u00ed definitivn\u00ed, ale vysv\u011btlit m\u016f\u017ee mnoh\u00e9. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u010d\u00e1tek p\u016fsoben\u00ed sicilsk\u00e9 mafie je sice datov\u00e1n k prvn\u00edm let\u016fm 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy tato krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace fakticky p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1 kontrolu nad t\u011b\u017ebou surov\u00e9 s\u00edry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jen\u017ee kde se najednou vzala? U\u017e tehdy je toti\u017e hotov\u00e1 a zaveden\u00e1, siln\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00e1. Disponuje lidsk\u00fdmi zdroji, zbran\u011bmi, financemi a je siln\u011b prov\u00e1z\u00e1na s region\u00e1ln\u00ed politikou, polici\u00ed i soudy. A tud\u00ed\u017e je prakticky neposti\u017eiteln\u00e1.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ke vzniku takov\u00e9ho ust\u00e1len\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je v\u0161ak zapot\u0159eb\u00ed \u010das a zku\u0161enosti. Organizace mafie nevznikla p\u0159es noc, ale zvolna. V onom kontextu by citronov\u00e1 teorie d\u00e1vala smysl. Kdy\u017e toti\u017e Sic\u00edlie p\u0159i\u0161la o sv\u016fj kysel\u00fd monopol, potomci gabellott\u016f ji\u017e dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u011bli, jak se d\u011bl\u00e1 \u0161pinav\u00fd byznys a byli p\u0159ipraveni expandovat do jin\u00e9ho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a nakonec i do sv\u011bta.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku byli p\u0159ed\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165ovali pr\u00e1ci na v\u00fdnosn\u00fdch sicilsk\u00fdch citronov\u00fdch plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edch. Postupn\u011b ve sv\u00fdch rukou shrom\u00e1\u017edili ob\u0159\u00ed moc, v\u010detn\u011b naj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch gang\u016f. Ano, podle p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 a relativn\u011b nov\u00e9 teorie vyrostla ob\u00e1van\u00e1 mafie kolem sicilsk\u00e9 produkce citron\u016f. Sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o zrodu mafie za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jedna z proponentek hypot\u00e9zy, spisovatelka Helena Attlee ve sv\u00e9 knize The Land […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7829,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[2027,2028,87,1943,706,2029,2024,2026,1103,2025,557],"class_list":["post-7827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-citrony","tag-citrusy","tag-historie","tag-italie","tag-mafie","tag-plantaze","tag-pocatky","tag-sicilie","tag-vyvoj","tag-zacatky","tag-zlocin"],"yoast_head":"\nJak vznikla nejob\u00e1van\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizace na sv\u011bt\u011b? 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