{"id":7978,"date":"2024-11-13T17:00:54","date_gmt":"2024-11-13T16:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/?p=7978"},"modified":"2024-11-13T17:12:23","modified_gmt":"2024-11-13T16:12:23","slug":"v-kazdem-ciha-bestie-tyto-experimenty-dokazaly-svudnost-manipulace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mzone.cz\/en\/v-kazdem-ciha-bestie-tyto-experimenty-dokazaly-svudnost-manipulace\/","title":{"rendered":"V ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u010d\u00edh\u00e1 bestie. Tyto experimenty dok\u00e1zaly sv\u016fdnost manipulace"},"content":{"rendered":"

Psychologick\u00e9 pokusy dokazuj\u00ed, jak snadno se d\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bk strhnout n\u00e1ladami st\u00e1da a vmanipulovat t\u0159eba do n\u00e1sil\u00ed na nevinn\u00fdch lidech. Pozad\u00ed manipulace rozkryly i slavn\u00e9 experimenty Rona Jonese, Stanleyho Milgrama a Philipa Zimbarda.<\/strong><\/p>
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\u017de byste za \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed neobl\u00e9kli \u010dernou uniformu s umrl\u010d\u00ed lebkou na brigad\u00fdrce? V\u011btou “My bychom to nikdy neud\u011blali” odbyla Rona Jonese i jeho t\u0159\u00edda. Psal se rok 1967 a v Americe to v\u0159elo, vrcholil boj za zrovnopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed lid\u00ed tmav\u00e9 pleti a proti v\u00e1lce ve Vietnamu. Nositeli spole\u010densk\u00fdch zm\u011bn byli mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed si nechali demonstrativn\u011b r\u016fst dlouh\u00e9 vlasy a \u017eili ver\u0161i Boba Dylana a Jima Morrisona. Kv\u011btinov\u00e1 ml\u00e1de\u017e nemohla pochopit, jak se generace jejich rodi\u010d\u016f a prarodi\u010d\u016f mohly dobrovoln\u011b vydat v nesvobodu a ve jm\u00e9nu absurdit p\u00e1chat stra\u0161liv\u00e9 zlo\u010diny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160estadvacetilet\u00e9mu u\u010diteli Ronu Jonesovi v\u0161ak postoj jeho \u017e\u00e1k\u016f na st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161kole v kalifornsk\u00e9m Palo Altu p\u0159ipadal povrchn\u00ed a pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd. Rozhodl se jim dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd je v\u0161eho schopn\u00fd. A rozhodl se jim to dok\u00e1zat na nich samotn\u00fdch.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed hodina proto p\u0159ipom\u00ednala sp\u00ed\u0161e vojensk\u00fd v\u00fdcvikov\u00fd t\u00e1bor. Jones na\u0159\u00eddil, \u017ee v\u0161ichni mus\u00ed sed\u011bt rovn\u011b a pln\u011b se soust\u0159edit na l\u00e1tku. Kdo nespolupracoval nebo se jeho autoritativn\u00edmu vystupov\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u00e1l, byl potrest\u00e1n dal\u0161\u00edmi \u00fakoly a zesm\u011b\u0161n\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Jste vyvolen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jonese p\u0159ekvapilo, jak rychle se nov\u00fd re\u017eim ujal a rozhodl se v experimentu pokra\u010dovat. P\u0159ed dal\u0161\u00ed hodinou po t\u0159\u00edd\u011b rozv\u011bsil plak\u00e1ty s heslem “S\u00edla discipl\u00ednou, s\u00edla spole\u010denstv\u00edm, s\u00edla akc\u00ed, s\u00edla hrdost\u00ed”. T\u0159\u00edda u\u017e nen\u00ed bandou znechucen\u00fdch puber\u0165\u00e1k\u016f, \u0159ekl sv\u00fdm \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm, ale hnut\u00edm jm\u00e9nem T\u0159et\u00ed vlna. Venkovn\u00ed sv\u011bt upad\u00e1 do sobectv\u00ed a chaosu, ale oni ho zachr\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve \u0161kole i mimo ni se budou zdravit zdvi\u017eenou pa\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>
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T\u0159\u00edda se proti Jonesovi nevzbou\u0159ila, na t\u0159et\u00ed hodinu experimentu naopak p\u0159i\u0161li nov\u00ed studenti a je\u0161t\u011b ten ve\u010der hnut\u00ed pos\u00edlilo, m\u011blo na dv\u011b stovky \u010dlen\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161ichni dostali \u010dlensk\u00e9 pr\u016fkazy a \u00fakoly, nap\u0159\u00edklad kreslen\u00ed plak\u00e1t\u016f \u010di br\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed ostatn\u00edm student\u016fm ve vstupu na Jonesovy hodiny d\u011bjepisu. U\u010ditel se nesta\u010dil divit, kdy\u017e za n\u00edm studenti za\u010dali sami od sebe chodit a hl\u00e1sit p\u0159estupky sv\u00fdch spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016f proti pravidl\u016fm hnut\u00ed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u010ctvrt\u00fd den jim ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed celoamerick\u00e9 organizace, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed den ve\u0159ejn\u011b ozn\u00e1m\u00ed svoji existenci a l\u00eddra, kter\u00fd bude kandidovat na prezidenta Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Nad\u0161en\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci tedy p\u0159ipravili velk\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed ve \u0161koln\u00ed t\u011blocvi\u010dn\u011b a poslu\u0161n\u011b \u010dekali na sv\u00e9ho v\u016fdce. Po nekone\u010dn\u00fdch minut\u00e1ch \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed se v\u0161ak na obrazovce objevil divoce gestikuluj\u00edc\u00ed Adolf Hitler a Jones \u0161okovan\u00fdm student\u016fm ozn\u00e1mil ukon\u010den\u00ed experimentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


S\u00edla autority<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pokus\u016f zkoumaj\u00edc\u00edch mo\u017enosti manipulace prob\u011bhla cel\u00e1 \u0159ada, zn\u00e1m\u00fd je tak\u00e9 ten Milgram\u016fv z \u010dervna 1961. Projekt byl reakc\u00ed na soud s Adolfem Eichmannem, kter\u00fd se rozb\u011bhl t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce p\u0159ed spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm experimentu. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee organiz\u00e1tor holocaustu a jemu podobn\u00ed t\u0159eba jen n\u00e1sledovali rozkazy, o kter\u00fdch d\u00e1le nep\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli nebo p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let necht\u011bli?<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Mlad\u00fd asistent na kated\u0159e psychologie univerzity v Yale Stanley Milgram si podal inzer\u00e1t, v n\u011bm\u017e nab\u00edzel \u010dty\u0159i dolary za \u00fa\u010dast na v\u00fdzkumu lidsk\u00e9 u\u010denlivosti. Probandi m\u011bli za \u00fakol zasazovat \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 \u0161oky osob\u011b skryt\u00e9 za zd\u00ed, kdykoliv \u0161patn\u011b se\u0159ad\u00ed p\u00e1ry slov, kter\u00e9 se m\u011bla nau\u010dit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mu\u017e v doktorsk\u00e9m pl\u00e1\u0161ti probandy pob\u00edzel, aby zkou\u0161en\u00e9mu u\u0161t\u011bd\u0159ovali st\u00e1le siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed r\u00e1ny. V\u0161e je ve jm\u00e9nu v\u011bdy, a kdy\u017e odpov\u011bd\u011bl \u0161patn\u011b, tak si trest zaslou\u017e\u00ed, takov\u00e1 jsou p\u0159ece pravidla.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ve vedlej\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstnosti ve skute\u010dnosti nikdo netrp\u011bl, \u0159ev p\u0159edto\u010den\u00fd na magnetofonovou p\u00e1sku se ale stup\u0148oval do naprost\u00e9 ag\u00f3nie. \u00dadajn\u00fd prot\u011bj\u0161ek prosil o milost a k\u0159i\u010del, \u017ee m\u00e1 nemocn\u00e9 srdce. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni probandi se v tomto moment\u011b za\u010dali zdr\u00e1hat a p\u0159edst\u00edran\u00fd pokus zpochyb\u0148ovali. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se za\u010dali nerv\u00f3zn\u011b sm\u00e1t, potit se a projevovali i dal\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mky intenzivn\u00edho stresu. Mu\u017e v b\u00edl\u00e9m pl\u00e1\u0161ti postupn\u011b reagoval \u010dty\u0159mi p\u0159eddefinovan\u00fdmi fr\u00e1zemi jako “\u0161oky mohou b\u00fdt bolestiv\u00e9, ale nezp\u016fsobuj\u00ed trval\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u011b, tak\u017ee, pros\u00edm, pokra\u010dujte”.<\/p>
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Nejpozd\u011bji po uji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee proband za p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky nenese \u017e\u00e1dnou zodpov\u011bdnost, se v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed vr\u00e1tila k ma\u010dk\u00e1n\u00ed knofl\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ed spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm experimentu osloven\u00ed studenti psychologie p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee ho dokon\u010d\u00ed jen v pr\u016fm\u011bru 1,2 procent lid\u00ed. Milgramovi kolegov\u00e9 na Yale a dal\u0161\u00ed osloven\u00ed psychiat\u0159i m\u011bli dokonce za to, \u017ee nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed po\u0161le do “provinilce” jen desetina procenta proband\u016f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Do momentu, kdy zkou\u0161en\u00fd p\u0159estal reagovat, se v\u0161ak ze 40 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f dopracovalo 26, tedy dv\u011b t\u0159etiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Kdo si nekopne<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u011b neslavn\u011b dopadl pro lidskou spole\u010dnost i takzvan\u00fd Stanfordsk\u00fd experiment t\u00fdmu kolem psychologa Philipa Zimbarda. V r\u00e1mci projektu financovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumnou agenturou americk\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva Office for Naval Research jeho skupina v roce 1971 vybrala dva tucty dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f z \u0159ad student\u016f Stanfordsk\u00e9 univerzity. Losem byli rozd\u011bleni na stejn\u011b velk\u00e9 skupiny v\u011bz\u0148\u016f a str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>
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Str\u00e1\u017ee byly p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm experimentu d\u016frazn\u011b upozorn\u011bny, \u017ee nesm\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt fyzick\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed. “M\u016f\u017eete ale v\u011bzn\u011b vystavovat nud\u011b a do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry i strachu. Dejte jim pocit, \u017ee jsou n\u00e1m vystaveni na pospas, \u017ee jejich \u017eivoty naprosto ovl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee nemaj\u00ed soukrom\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy: my m\u00e1me ve\u0161kerou moc, oni \u017e\u00e1dnou.” Skupina byla vybavena uniformami z vojensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdprodeje, slune\u010dn\u00edmi br\u00fdlemi zamezuj\u00edc\u00edmi o\u010dn\u00edmu kontaktu a d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdmi holemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


V\u011bzni prvn\u011b absolvovali proceduru podobnou skute\u010dn\u00e9mu zat\u010den\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b prohled\u00e1n\u00ed, focen\u00ed a odebr\u00e1n\u00ed otisk\u016f prst\u016f. Vyfasovali nepohodln\u00e9 v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9 mund\u00fary a ka\u017ed\u00e9mu bylo p\u0159id\u011bleno \u010d\u00edslo m\u00edsto jm\u00e9na. Zat\u00edmco se str\u00e1\u017ee st\u0159\u00eddaly v t\u0159\u00edsm\u011bnn\u00e9m provozu, v\u011bzni nesm\u011bli sklep univerzitn\u00ed budovy po dva t\u00fddny opustit. Ubytov\u00e1ni byli v cel\u00e1ch po t\u0159ech, pro “neuk\u00e1zn\u011bn\u00e9” byla p\u0159ipravena samotka.<\/p>
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Z historie kriminalistiky: Tohle jsou t\u0159i nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fanosy \u017een!<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n


Hned na druh\u00fd den nabral pokus nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 obr\u00e1tky, kdy\u017e jedna z cel odm\u00edtla d\u00e1l plnit p\u0159\u00edkazy str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se trojici v\u011bz\u0148\u016f jaly p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dovat spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm hasic\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstroje. Konflikt postupn\u011b eskaloval, str\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vzpurn\u00fdm v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm odeb\u00edrali matrace, tak\u017ee museli sp\u00e1t na hol\u00e9m betonu, nutili je vykon\u00e1vat pot\u0159ebu do kbel\u00edku v cele a mnoha vynal\u00e9zav\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby je poni\u017eovali. Po \u0161esti dnech musel b\u00fdt experiment p\u0159eru\u0161en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Nejsou to lidi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Podle Zimbarda se u t\u0159etiny str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed za\u010daly probouzet netu\u0161en\u00e9 sadistick\u00e9 sklony. V\u011bt\u0161ina “bacha\u0159\u016f” ostatn\u011b na zpr\u00e1vu o ukon\u010den\u00ed pokusu reagovala odm\u00edtav\u011b a\u017e agresivn\u011b. Podivn\u011b snadno se se svou rol\u00ed s\u017eili tak\u00e9 v\u011bzni. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich po ukon\u010den\u00ed pokusu vypov\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee u\u017e se chystali po\u017e\u00e1dat str\u00e1\u017ee o milost, i kdy\u017e by t\u00edm p\u0159i\u0161li o patn\u00e1ct dolar\u016f pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed odm\u011bny. P\u0159estali si uv\u011bdomovat, \u017ee \u0161lo kdykoliv odej\u00edt z vlastn\u00ed v\u016fle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm se pro rychlou eskalaci experimentu uk\u00e1zal b\u00fdt mechanismus odosobn\u011bn\u00ed. V\u011bzni byli v o\u010d\u00edch str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed velmi rychle zredukov\u00e1ni na trojm\u00edstn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo a pot\u00ed\u017e, kterou je st\u00e1le nutno \u0159e\u0161it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Naopak mu\u017ei za \u010dern\u00fdmi br\u00fdlemi se v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm za\u010dali jevit jen jako chladn\u00e9 a nelidsk\u00e9 autority. K ot\u00e1zce polo\u017een\u00e9 Stanleym Milgramem tedy p\u0159ibyla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka: nikdo samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nechce ubli\u017eovat lidem. Ale co kdy\u017e to lid\u00e9 nejsou, co kdy\u017e to jsou \u201ejen\u201c \u017did\u00e9 nebo Romov\u00e9, homosexu\u00e1lov\u00e9 nebo lesby? Zkr\u00e1tka n\u011bjac\u00ed ti “oni”, kte\u0159\u00ed v na\u0161ich o\u010d\u00edch ani nemaj\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159, jen v\u0161echno kaz\u00ed nebo zacl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>
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Utrpen\u00ed, bolest a stra\u0161liv\u00e1 smrt: St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 justice byla opravdu krut\u00e1<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n


Lid\u00e9 nejsou dob\u0159\u00ed ani zl\u00ed, jen se v ur\u010dit\u00fdch situac\u00edch zachovaj\u00ed lidsky, jindy zase bezcitn\u011b a krut\u011b. To plyne ze zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch a podobn\u00fdch pokus\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O tom, jak jedinec obstoj\u00ed, p\u0159itom mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e charakterov\u00e9 vlastnosti rozhoduj\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vlivy. A\u0165 si to lid\u00e9 uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed, nebo ne, p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed se norm\u011b, kter\u00e1 kolem nich pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost ke skupin\u011b a jej\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed dynamika se p\u0159itom zd\u00e1 \u010dasto siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sv\u011bdom\u00ed a zdrav\u00fd rozum jedince.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee jej kolektiv zbavuje pocitu zodpov\u011bdnosti za svoje jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je dobr\u00e9 si moc manipulace uv\u011bdomovat a zn\u00e1t jej\u00ed mechanismy. A pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je na m\u00edst\u011b neb\u011bhat se st\u00e1dem, kamkoliv se slep\u011b rozb\u011bhne. To je ostatn\u011b forma svobody.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Psychologick\u00e9 pokusy dokazuj\u00ed, jak snadno se d\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bk strhnout n\u00e1ladami st\u00e1da a vmanipulovat t\u0159eba do n\u00e1sil\u00ed na nevinn\u00fdch lidech. Pozad\u00ed manipulace rozkryly i slavn\u00e9 experimenty Rona Jonese, Stanleyho Milgrama a Philipa Zimbarda. \u017de byste za \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed neobl\u00e9kli \u010dernou uniformu s umrl\u010d\u00ed lebkou na brigad\u00fdrce? V\u011btou “My bychom to nikdy neud\u011blali” odbyla Rona Jonese i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7979,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kk_blocks_editor_width":"","_kiokenblocks_attr":"","_kiokenblocks_dimensions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[387,67],"tags":[252,1484,2062,87,2064,1482,1434,1481,825,668,1480,2061,2063,35,250,267],"class_list":["post-7978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-veda","tag-agrese","tag-experimenty","tag-experimet","tag-historie","tag-manipulace","tag-philip-zimbardo","tag-pokus","tag-pokusy","tag-pruzkum","tag-psychika","tag-psychologie","tag-ron-jones","tag-stanley-milgram","tag-veda","tag-vyzkum","tag-zlo"],"yoast_head":"\nV ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u010d\u00edh\u00e1 bestie. 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